refactor: simplify getValueInterface function (#5280)

Signed-off-by: kevin <wanjunfeng@gmail.com>

.codecov.yml

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-coverage:
-  status:
-    patch: true
-    project: false # disabled because project coverage is not stable
-comment:
-  layout: "flags, files"
-  behavior: once
-  require_changes: true
-ignore:
-  - "tools"
-  - "**/mock"
-  - "**/*_mock.go"
-  - "**/*test"

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # These are supported funding model platforms
 
-github: kevwan
+github: [zeromicro]

.github/copilot-instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# GitHub Copilot Instructions for go-zero
+
+This document provides guidelines for GitHub Copilot when assisting with development in the go-zero project.
+
+## Project Overview
+
+go-zero is a web and RPC framework with lots of built-in engineering practices designed to ensure the stability of busy services with resilience design. It has been serving sites with tens of millions of users for years.
+
+### Key Architecture Components
+
+- **REST API framework** (`rest/`) - HTTP service framework with middleware support
+- **RPC framework** (`zrpc/`) - gRPC-based RPC framework with service discovery
+- **Core utilities** (`core/`) - Foundational components including:
+  - Circuit breakers, rate limiters, load shedding
+  - Caching, stores (Redis, MongoDB, SQL)
+  - Concurrency control, metrics, tracing
+  - Configuration management
+- **Code generation tool** (`tools/goctl/`) - CLI tool for generating code from API files
+
+## Coding Standards and Conventions
+
+### Code Style
+
+1. **Follow Go conventions**: Use `gofmt` for formatting, follow effective Go practices
+2. **Package naming**: Use lowercase, single-word package names when possible
+3. **Error handling**: Always handle errors explicitly, use `errorx.BatchError` for multiple errors
+4. **Context propagation**: Always pass `context.Context` as the first parameter for functions that may block
+5. **Configuration structures**: Use struct tags with JSON annotations and default values
+
+Example configuration pattern:
+```go
+type Config struct {
+    Host     string `json:",default=0.0.0.0"`
+    Port     int    `json:",default=8080"`
+    Timeout  int    `json:",default=3000"`
+    Optional string `json:",optional"`
+}
+```
+
+### Interface Design
+
+1. **Small interfaces**: Follow Go's preference for small, focused interfaces
+2. **Context methods**: Provide both context and non-context versions of methods
+3. **Options pattern**: Use functional options for complex configuration
+
+Example:
+```go
+func (c *Client) Get(key string, val any) error {
+    return c.GetCtx(context.Background(), key, val)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) GetCtx(ctx context.Context, key string, val any) error {
+    // implementation
+}
+```
+
+### Testing Patterns
+
+1. **Test file naming**: Use `*_test.go` suffix
+2. **Test function naming**: Use `TestFunctionName` pattern
+3. **Use testify/assert**: Prefer `assert` package for assertions
+4. **Table-driven tests**: Use table-driven tests for multiple scenarios
+5. **Mock interfaces**: Use `go.uber.org/mock` for mocking
+6. **Test helpers**: Use `redistest`, `mongtest` helpers for database testing
+
+Example test pattern:
+```go
+func TestSomething(t *testing.T) {
+    tests := []struct {
+        name     string
+        input    string
+        expected string
+        wantErr  bool
+    }{
+        {"valid case", "input", "output", false},
+        {"error case", "bad", "", true},
+    }
+
+    for _, tt := range tests {
+        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+            result, err := SomeFunction(tt.input)
+            if tt.wantErr {
+                assert.Error(t, err)
+                return
+            }
+            assert.NoError(t, err)
+            assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+        })
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Framework-Specific Guidelines
+
+### REST API Development
+
+1. **API Definition**: Use `.api` files to define REST APIs
+2. **Handler pattern**: Separate business logic into logic packages
+3. **Middleware**: Use built-in middlewares (tracing, logging, metrics, recovery)
+4. **Response handling**: Use `httpx.WriteJson` for JSON responses
+5. **Error handling**: Use `httpx.Error` for HTTP error responses
+
+### RPC Development
+
+1. **Protocol Buffers**: Use protobuf for service definitions
+2. **Service discovery**: Integrate with etcd for service registration
+3. **Load balancing**: Use built-in load balancing strategies
+4. **Interceptors**: Implement interceptors for cross-cutting concerns
+
+### Database Operations
+
+1. **SQL operations**: Use `sqlx` package for database operations
+2. **Caching**: Implement caching patterns with `cache` package
+3. **Transactions**: Use proper transaction handling
+4. **Connection pooling**: Configure appropriate connection pools
+
+Example cache pattern:
+```go
+err := c.QueryRowCtx(ctx, &dest, key, func(ctx context.Context, conn sqlx.SqlConn) error {
+    return conn.QueryRowCtx(ctx, &dest, query, args...)
+})
+```
+
+### Configuration Management
+
+1. **YAML configuration**: Use YAML for configuration files
+2. **Environment variables**: Support environment variable overrides
+3. **Validation**: Include proper validation for configuration parameters
+4. **Sensible defaults**: Provide reasonable default values
+
+## Error Handling Best Practices
+
+1. **Wrap errors**: Use `fmt.Errorf` with `%w` verb to wrap errors
+2. **Custom errors**: Define custom error types when needed
+3. **Error logging**: Log errors appropriately with context
+4. **Graceful degradation**: Implement fallback mechanisms
+
+## Performance Considerations
+
+1. **Resource pools**: Use connection pools and worker pools
+2. **Circuit breakers**: Implement circuit breaker patterns for external calls
+3. **Rate limiting**: Apply rate limiting to protect services
+4. **Load shedding**: Implement adaptive load shedding
+5. **Metrics**: Add appropriate metrics and monitoring
+
+## Security Guidelines
+
+1. **Input validation**: Validate all input parameters
+2. **SQL injection prevention**: Use parameterized queries
+3. **Authentication**: Implement proper JWT token handling
+4. **HTTPS**: Support TLS/HTTPS configurations
+5. **CORS**: Configure CORS appropriately for web APIs
+
+## Documentation Standards
+
+1. **Package documentation**: Include package-level documentation
+2. **Function documentation**: Document exported functions with examples
+3. **API documentation**: Maintain API documentation in sync
+4. **README updates**: Update README for significant changes
+
+## Common Patterns to Follow
+
+### Service Configuration
+```go
+type ServiceConf struct {
+    Name string
+    Log  logx.LogConf
+    Mode string `json:",default=pro,options=[dev,test,pre,pro]"`
+    // ... other common fields
+}
+```
+
+### Middleware Implementation
+```go
+func SomeMiddleware() rest.Middleware {
+    return func(next http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
+        return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+            // Pre-processing
+            next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+            // Post-processing
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Resource Management
+Always implement proper resource cleanup using defer and context cancellation.
+
+## Build and Test Commands
+
+- Build: `go build ./...`
+- Test: `go test ./...`  
+- Test with race detection: `go test -race ./...`
+- Format: `gofmt -w .`
+- Generate code: `goctl api go -api *.api -dir .`
+
+Remember to run tests and ensure all checks pass before submitting changes. The project emphasizes high quality, performance, and reliability, so these should be primary considerations in all development work.

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
     # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v4
       with:
         languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
         # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
     # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
     # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v4
 
     # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
     # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ jobs:
     #   make release
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v4

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Set up Go 1.x
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version: '1.19'
+          go-version-file: go.mod
           check-latest: true
           cache: true
         id: go
@@ -40,20 +40,25 @@ jobs:
         run: go test -race -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ./...
 
       - name: Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        with:
+          files: ./coverage.txt
+          flags: unittests
+          name: codecov-umbrella
+          fail_ci_if_error: false
 
   test-win:
     name: Windows
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout codebase
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Set up Go 1.x
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          # use 1.19 to guarantee Go 1.19 compatibility
-          go-version: '1.19'
+          # make sure Go version compatible with go-zero
+          go-version-file: go.mod
           check-latest: true
           cache: true
 

.github/workflows/issue-translator.yml

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-name: 'issue-translator'
-on: 
-  issue_comment: 
-    types: [created]
-  issues: 
-    types: [opened]
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: usthe/issues-translate-action@v2.7
-        with:
-          IS_MODIFY_TITLE: true
-          # not require, default false, . Decide whether to modify the issue title
-          # if true, the robot account @Issues-translate-bot must have modification permissions, invite @Issues-translate-bot to your project or use your custom bot.
-          CUSTOM_BOT_NOTE: Bot detected the issue body's language is not English, translate it automatically. 👯👭🏻🧑‍🤝‍🧑👫🧑🏿‍🤝‍🧑🏻👩🏾‍🤝‍👨🏿👬🏿
-          # not require. Customize the translation robot prefix message.

.github/workflows/issues.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ jobs:
   close-issues:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/stale@v9
+      - uses: actions/stale@v10
         with:
           days-before-issue-stale: 365
           days-before-issue-close: 90

.github/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ jobs:
           - goarch: "386"
             goos: darwin
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - uses: zeromicro/go-zero-release-action@master
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           goos: ${{ matrix.goos }}
           goarch: ${{ matrix.goarch }}
-          goversion: "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.19.13.linux-amd64.tar.gz"
+          goversion: "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.21.13.linux-amd64.tar.gz"
           project_path: "tools/goctl"
           binary_name: "goctl"
-          extra_files: tools/goctl/readme.md tools/goctl/readme-cn.md
+          extra_files: tools/goctl/readme.md tools/goctl/readme-cn.md

.github/workflows/reviewdog.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ jobs:
     name: runner / staticcheck
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - uses: reviewdog/action-staticcheck@v1
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.github_token }}
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ jobs:
           # Report all results.
           filter_mode: nofilter
           # Exit with 1 when it find at least one finding.
-          fail_on_error: true
+          fail_level: any
           # Set staticcheck flags
           staticcheck_flags: -checks=inherit,-SA1019,-SA1029,-SA5008

.github/workflows/version-check.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+name: Release Version Check
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - 'tools/goctl/v*'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  version-check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+        with:
+          go-version: '1.21'
+
+      - name: Extract tag version
+        id: get_version
+        run: |
+          # Extract version from tools/goctl/v* format
+          VERSION="${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/tools/goctl/v}"
+          echo "VERSION=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "Extracted version: $VERSION"
+
+      - name: Check version in goctl source code
+        run: |
+          # Change to goctl directory
+          cd tools/goctl
+          
+          # Check version in BuildVersion constant
+          VERSION_IN_CODE=$(grep -r "const BuildVersion =" . | grep -o '".*"' | tr -d '"')
+          echo "Version in code: $VERSION_IN_CODE"
+          echo "Expected version: $VERSION"
+          
+          if [ "$VERSION_IN_CODE" != "$VERSION" ]; then
+            echo "Version mismatch: Version in code ($VERSION_IN_CODE) doesn't match tag version ($VERSION)"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "✅ Version check passed!"

.gitignore

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 **/logs
 **/adhoc
 **/coverage.txt
+**/WARP.md
 
 # for test purpose
 go.work

core/bloom/bloom.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ type (
 	}
 )
 
-// New create a Filter, store is the backed redis, key is the key for the bloom filter,
+// New creates a Filter, store is the backed redis, key is the key for the bloom filter,
 // bits is how many bits will be used, maps is how many hashes for each addition.
 // best practices:
 // elements - means how many actual elements
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func newRedisBitSet(store *redis.Redis, key string, bits uint) *redisBitSet {
 }
 
 func (r *redisBitSet) buildOffsetArgs(offsets []uint) ([]string, error) {
-	var args []string
+	args := make([]string, 0, len(offsets))
 
 	for _, offset := range offsets {
 		if offset >= r.bits {

core/breaker/breaker.go

@@ -8,16 +8,12 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/mathx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/proc"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stat"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stringx"
 )
 
-const (
-	numHistoryReasons = 5
-	timeFormat        = "15:04:05"
-)
+const numHistoryReasons = 5
 
 // ErrServiceUnavailable is returned when the Breaker state is open.
 var ErrServiceUnavailable = errors.New("circuit breaker is open")
@@ -262,14 +258,14 @@ type errorWindow struct {
 
 func (ew *errorWindow) add(reason string) {
 	ew.lock.Lock()
-	ew.reasons[ew.index] = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", time.Now().Format(timeFormat), reason)
+	ew.reasons[ew.index] = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", time.Now().Format(time.TimeOnly), reason)
 	ew.index = (ew.index + 1) % numHistoryReasons
-	ew.count = mathx.MinInt(ew.count+1, numHistoryReasons)
+	ew.count = min(ew.count+1, numHistoryReasons)
 	ew.lock.Unlock()
 }
 
 func (ew *errorWindow) String() string {
-	var reasons []string
+	reasons := make([]string, 0, ew.count)
 
 	ew.lock.Lock()
 	// reverse order

core/breaker/breakers_test.go

@@ -135,5 +135,5 @@ func verify(t *testing.T, fn func() bool) {
 			count++
 		}
 	}
-	assert.True(t, count >= 80, fmt.Sprintf("should be greater than 80, actual %d", count))
+	assert.True(t, count >= 75, fmt.Sprintf("should be greater than 75, actual %d", count))
 }

core/breaker/googlebreaker.go

@@ -11,15 +11,12 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	// 250ms for bucket duration
-	window                    = time.Second * 10
-	buckets                   = 40
-	maxFailBucketsToDecreaseK = 30
-	minBucketsToSpeedUp       = 3
-	forcePassDuration         = time.Second
-	k                         = 1.5
-	minK                      = 1.1
-	recoveryK                 = 4 - k
-	protection                = 5
+	window            = time.Second * 10
+	buckets           = 40
+	forcePassDuration = time.Second
+	k                 = 1.5
+	minK              = 1.1
+	protection        = 5
 )
 
 // googleBreaker is a netflixBreaker pattern from google.
@@ -56,13 +53,8 @@ func newGoogleBreaker() *googleBreaker {
 func (b *googleBreaker) accept() error {
 	var w float64
 	history := b.history()
-	if history.failingBuckets >= minBucketsToSpeedUp {
-		w = b.k - float64(history.failingBuckets-1)*(b.k-minK)/maxFailBucketsToDecreaseK
-		w = mathx.AtLeast(w, minK)
-	} else {
-		w = b.k
-	}
-	weightedAccepts := w * float64(history.accepts)
+	w = b.k - (b.k-minK)*float64(history.failingBuckets)/buckets
+	weightedAccepts := mathx.AtLeast(w, minK) * float64(history.accepts)
 	// https://landing.google.com/sre/sre-book/chapters/handling-overload/#eq2101
 	// for better performance, no need to care about the negative ratio
 	dropRatio := (float64(history.total-protection) - weightedAccepts) / float64(history.total+1)
@@ -76,11 +68,7 @@ func (b *googleBreaker) accept() error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// If we have more than 2 working buckets, we are in recovery mode,
-	// the latest bucket is the current one, so we ignore it.
-	if history.workingBuckets >= minBucketsToSpeedUp {
-		dropRatio /= recoveryK
-	}
+	dropRatio *= float64(buckets-history.workingBuckets) / buckets
 
 	if b.proba.TrueOnProba(dropRatio) {
 		return ErrServiceUnavailable

core/breaker/googlebreaker_test.go

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func TestGoogleBreakerMoreFallingBuckets(t *testing.T) {
 		b := getGoogleBreaker()
 
 		func() {
-			stopChan := time.After(testInterval * minBucketsToSpeedUp * 2)
+			stopChan := time.After(testInterval * 6)
 			for {
 				time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
 				select {

core/breaker/nopbreaker_test.go

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import (
 func TestNopBreaker(t *testing.T) {
 	b := NopBreaker()
 	assert.Equal(t, nopBreakerName, b.Name())
-	p, err := b.Allow()
+	_, err := b.Allow()
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	p, err = b.AllowCtx(context.Background())
+	p, err := b.AllowCtx(context.Background())
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	p.Accept()
 	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {

core/collection/cache.go

@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ func (c *Cache) Del(key string) {
 	delete(c.data, key)
 	c.lruCache.remove(key)
 	c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// RemoveTimer is called outside the lock to avoid performance impact from this
+	// potentially time-consuming operation. Data integrity is maintained by lruCache,
+	// which will eventually evict any remaining entries when capacity is exceeded.
 	c.timingWheel.RemoveTimer(key)
 }
 

core/collection/set.go

@@ -1,235 +1,53 @@
 package collection
 
-import (
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
-)
+import "github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
 
-const (
-	unmanaged = iota
-	untyped
-	intType
-	int64Type
-	uintType
-	uint64Type
-	stringType
-)
-
-// Set is not thread-safe, for concurrent use, make sure to use it with synchronization.
-type Set struct {
-	data map[any]lang.PlaceholderType
-	tp   int
+// Set is a type-safe generic set collection.
+// It's not thread-safe, use with synchronization for concurrent access.
+type Set[T comparable] struct {
+	data map[T]lang.PlaceholderType
 }
 
-// NewSet returns a managed Set, can only put the values with the same type.
-func NewSet() *Set {
-	return &Set{
-		data: make(map[any]lang.PlaceholderType),
-		tp:   untyped,
+// NewSet returns a new type-safe set.
+func NewSet[T comparable]() *Set[T] {
+	return &Set[T]{
+		data: make(map[T]lang.PlaceholderType),
 	}
 }
 
-// NewUnmanagedSet returns an unmanaged Set, which can put values with different types.
-func NewUnmanagedSet() *Set {
-	return &Set{
-		data: make(map[any]lang.PlaceholderType),
-		tp:   unmanaged,
+// Add adds items to the set. Duplicates are automatically ignored.
+func (s *Set[T]) Add(items ...T) {
+	for _, item := range items {
+		s.data[item] = lang.Placeholder
 	}
 }
 
-// Add adds i into s.
-func (s *Set) Add(i ...any) {
-	for _, each := range i {
-		s.add(each)
-	}
+// Clear removes all items from the set.
+func (s *Set[T]) Clear() {
+	clear(s.data)
 }
 
-// AddInt adds int values ii into s.
-func (s *Set) AddInt(ii ...int) {
-	for _, each := range ii {
-		s.add(each)
-	}
-}
-
-// AddInt64 adds int64 values ii into s.
-func (s *Set) AddInt64(ii ...int64) {
-	for _, each := range ii {
-		s.add(each)
-	}
-}
-
-// AddUint adds uint values ii into s.
-func (s *Set) AddUint(ii ...uint) {
-	for _, each := range ii {
-		s.add(each)
-	}
-}
-
-// AddUint64 adds uint64 values ii into s.
-func (s *Set) AddUint64(ii ...uint64) {
-	for _, each := range ii {
-		s.add(each)
-	}
-}
-
-// AddStr adds string values ss into s.
-func (s *Set) AddStr(ss ...string) {
-	for _, each := range ss {
-		s.add(each)
-	}
-}
-
-// Contains checks if i is in s.
-func (s *Set) Contains(i any) bool {
-	if len(s.data) == 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	s.validate(i)
-	_, ok := s.data[i]
+// Contains checks if an item exists in the set.
+func (s *Set[T]) Contains(item T) bool {
+	_, ok := s.data[item]
 	return ok
 }
 
-// Keys returns the keys in s.
-func (s *Set) Keys() []any {
-	var keys []any
-
-	for key := range s.data {
-		keys = append(keys, key)
-	}
-
-	return keys
-}
-
-// KeysInt returns the int keys in s.
-func (s *Set) KeysInt() []int {
-	var keys []int
-
-	for key := range s.data {
-		if intKey, ok := key.(int); ok {
-			keys = append(keys, intKey)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return keys
-}
-
-// KeysInt64 returns int64 keys in s.
-func (s *Set) KeysInt64() []int64 {
-	var keys []int64
-
-	for key := range s.data {
-		if intKey, ok := key.(int64); ok {
-			keys = append(keys, intKey)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return keys
-}
-
-// KeysUint returns uint keys in s.
-func (s *Set) KeysUint() []uint {
-	var keys []uint
-
-	for key := range s.data {
-		if intKey, ok := key.(uint); ok {
-			keys = append(keys, intKey)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return keys
-}
-
-// KeysUint64 returns uint64 keys in s.
-func (s *Set) KeysUint64() []uint64 {
-	var keys []uint64
-
-	for key := range s.data {
-		if intKey, ok := key.(uint64); ok {
-			keys = append(keys, intKey)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return keys
-}
-
-// KeysStr returns string keys in s.
-func (s *Set) KeysStr() []string {
-	var keys []string
-
-	for key := range s.data {
-		if strKey, ok := key.(string); ok {
-			keys = append(keys, strKey)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return keys
-}
-
-// Remove removes i from s.
-func (s *Set) Remove(i any) {
-	s.validate(i)
-	delete(s.data, i)
-}
-
-// Count returns the number of items in s.
-func (s *Set) Count() int {
+// Count returns the number of items in the set.
+func (s *Set[T]) Count() int {
 	return len(s.data)
 }
 
-func (s *Set) add(i any) {
-	switch s.tp {
-	case unmanaged:
-		// do nothing
-	case untyped:
-		s.setType(i)
-	default:
-		s.validate(i)
+// Keys returns all elements in the set as a slice.
+func (s *Set[T]) Keys() []T {
+	keys := make([]T, 0, len(s.data))
+	for key := range s.data {
+		keys = append(keys, key)
 	}
-	s.data[i] = lang.Placeholder
+	return keys
 }
 
-func (s *Set) setType(i any) {
-	// s.tp can only be untyped here
-	switch i.(type) {
-	case int:
-		s.tp = intType
-	case int64:
-		s.tp = int64Type
-	case uint:
-		s.tp = uintType
-	case uint64:
-		s.tp = uint64Type
-	case string:
-		s.tp = stringType
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *Set) validate(i any) {
-	if s.tp == unmanaged {
-		return
-	}
-
-	switch i.(type) {
-	case int:
-		if s.tp != intType {
-			logx.Errorf("element is int, but set contains elements with type %d", s.tp)
-		}
-	case int64:
-		if s.tp != int64Type {
-			logx.Errorf("element is int64, but set contains elements with type %d", s.tp)
-		}
-	case uint:
-		if s.tp != uintType {
-			logx.Errorf("element is uint, but set contains elements with type %d", s.tp)
-		}
-	case uint64:
-		if s.tp != uint64Type {
-			logx.Errorf("element is uint64, but set contains elements with type %d", s.tp)
-		}
-	case string:
-		if s.tp != stringType {
-			logx.Errorf("element is string, but set contains elements with type %d", s.tp)
-		}
-	}
+// Remove removes an item from the set.
+func (s *Set[T]) Remove(item T) {
+	delete(s.data, item)
 }

core/collection/set_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,105 @@ func init() {
 	logx.Disable()
 }
 
+// Set functionality tests
+func TestTypedSetInt(t *testing.T) {
+	set := NewSet[int]()
+	values := []int{1, 2, 3, 2, 1} // Contains duplicates
+
+	// Test adding
+	set.Add(values...)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, set.Count()) // Should only have 3 elements after deduplication
+
+	// Test contains
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains(1))
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains(2))
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains(3))
+	assert.False(t, set.Contains(4))
+
+	// Test getting all keys
+	keys := set.Keys()
+	sort.Ints(keys)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, keys)
+
+	// Test removal
+	set.Remove(2)
+	assert.False(t, set.Contains(2))
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, set.Count())
+}
+
+func TestTypedSetStringOps(t *testing.T) {
+	set := NewSet[string]()
+	values := []string{"a", "b", "c", "b", "a"}
+
+	set.Add(values...)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, set.Count())
+
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains("a"))
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains("b"))
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains("c"))
+	assert.False(t, set.Contains("d"))
+
+	keys := set.Keys()
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, []string{"a", "b", "c"}, keys)
+}
+
+func TestTypedSetClear(t *testing.T) {
+	set := NewSet[int]()
+	set.Add(1, 2, 3)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, set.Count())
+
+	set.Clear()
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, set.Count())
+	assert.False(t, set.Contains(1))
+}
+
+func TestTypedSetEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	set := NewSet[int]()
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, set.Count())
+	assert.False(t, set.Contains(1))
+	assert.Empty(t, set.Keys())
+}
+
+func TestTypedSetMultipleTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test different typed generic sets
+	intSet := NewSet[int]()
+	int64Set := NewSet[int64]()
+	uintSet := NewSet[uint]()
+	uint64Set := NewSet[uint64]()
+	stringSet := NewSet[string]()
+
+	intSet.Add(1, 2, 3)
+	int64Set.Add(1, 2, 3)
+	uintSet.Add(1, 2, 3)
+	uint64Set.Add(1, 2, 3)
+	stringSet.Add("1", "2", "3")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, intSet.Count())
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, int64Set.Count())
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, uintSet.Count())
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, uint64Set.Count())
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, stringSet.Count())
+}
+
+// Set benchmarks
+func BenchmarkTypedIntSet(b *testing.B) {
+	s := NewSet[int]()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		s.Add(i)
+		_ = s.Contains(i)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkTypedStringSet(b *testing.B) {
+	s := NewSet[string]()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		s.Add(string(rune(i)))
+		_ = s.Contains(string(rune(i)))
+	}
+}
+
+// Legacy tests remain unchanged for backward compatibility
 func BenchmarkRawSet(b *testing.B) {
 	m := make(map[any]struct{})
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
@@ -20,26 +119,10 @@ func BenchmarkRawSet(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
-func BenchmarkUnmanagedSet(b *testing.B) {
-	s := NewUnmanagedSet()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		s.Add(i)
-		_ = s.Contains(i)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkSet(b *testing.B) {
-	s := NewSet()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		s.AddInt(i)
-		_ = s.Contains(i)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewUnmanagedSet()
-	values := []any{1, 2, 3}
+	set := NewSet[int]()
+	values := []int{1, 2, 3}
 
 	// when
 	set.Add(values...)
@@ -51,82 +134,74 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestAddInt(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewSet()
+	set := NewSet[int]()
 	values := []int{1, 2, 3}
 
 	// when
-	set.AddInt(values...)
+	set.Add(values...)
 
 	// then
 	assert.True(t, set.Contains(1) && set.Contains(2) && set.Contains(3))
-	keys := set.KeysInt()
+	keys := set.Keys()
 	sort.Ints(keys)
 	assert.EqualValues(t, values, keys)
 }
 
 func TestAddInt64(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewSet()
+	set := NewSet[int64]()
 	values := []int64{1, 2, 3}
 
 	// when
-	set.AddInt64(values...)
+	set.Add(values...)
 
 	// then
-	assert.True(t, set.Contains(int64(1)) && set.Contains(int64(2)) && set.Contains(int64(3)))
-	assert.Equal(t, len(values), len(set.KeysInt64()))
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains(1) && set.Contains(2) && set.Contains(3))
+	assert.Equal(t, len(values), len(set.Keys()))
 }
 
 func TestAddUint(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewSet()
+	set := NewSet[uint]()
 	values := []uint{1, 2, 3}
 
 	// when
-	set.AddUint(values...)
+	set.Add(values...)
 
 	// then
-	assert.True(t, set.Contains(uint(1)) && set.Contains(uint(2)) && set.Contains(uint(3)))
-	assert.Equal(t, len(values), len(set.KeysUint()))
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains(1) && set.Contains(2) && set.Contains(3))
+	assert.Equal(t, len(values), len(set.Keys()))
 }
 
 func TestAddUint64(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewSet()
+	set := NewSet[uint64]()
 	values := []uint64{1, 2, 3}
 
 	// when
-	set.AddUint64(values...)
+	set.Add(values...)
 
 	// then
-	assert.True(t, set.Contains(uint64(1)) && set.Contains(uint64(2)) && set.Contains(uint64(3)))
-	assert.Equal(t, len(values), len(set.KeysUint64()))
+	assert.True(t, set.Contains(1) && set.Contains(2) && set.Contains(3))
+	assert.Equal(t, len(values), len(set.Keys()))
 }
 
 func TestAddStr(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewSet()
+	set := NewSet[string]()
 	values := []string{"1", "2", "3"}
 
 	// when
-	set.AddStr(values...)
+	set.Add(values...)
 
 	// then
 	assert.True(t, set.Contains("1") && set.Contains("2") && set.Contains("3"))
-	assert.Equal(t, len(values), len(set.KeysStr()))
+	assert.Equal(t, len(values), len(set.Keys()))
 }
 
 func TestContainsWithoutElements(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewSet()
-
-	// then
-	assert.False(t, set.Contains(1))
-}
-
-func TestContainsUnmanagedWithoutElements(t *testing.T) {
-	// given
-	set := NewUnmanagedSet()
+	set := NewSet[int]()
 
 	// then
 	assert.False(t, set.Contains(1))
@@ -134,8 +209,8 @@ func TestContainsUnmanagedWithoutElements(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRemove(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewSet()
-	set.Add([]any{1, 2, 3}...)
+	set := NewSet[int]()
+	set.Add([]int{1, 2, 3}...)
 
 	// when
 	set.Remove(2)
@@ -146,57 +221,9 @@ func TestRemove(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCount(t *testing.T) {
 	// given
-	set := NewSet()
-	set.Add([]any{1, 2, 3}...)
+	set := NewSet[int]()
+	set.Add([]int{1, 2, 3}...)
 
 	// then
 	assert.Equal(t, set.Count(), 3)
 }
-
-func TestKeysIntMismatch(t *testing.T) {
-	set := NewSet()
-	set.add(int64(1))
-	set.add(2)
-	vals := set.KeysInt()
-	assert.EqualValues(t, []int{2}, vals)
-}
-
-func TestKeysInt64Mismatch(t *testing.T) {
-	set := NewSet()
-	set.add(1)
-	set.add(int64(2))
-	vals := set.KeysInt64()
-	assert.EqualValues(t, []int64{2}, vals)
-}
-
-func TestKeysUintMismatch(t *testing.T) {
-	set := NewSet()
-	set.add(1)
-	set.add(uint(2))
-	vals := set.KeysUint()
-	assert.EqualValues(t, []uint{2}, vals)
-}
-
-func TestKeysUint64Mismatch(t *testing.T) {
-	set := NewSet()
-	set.add(1)
-	set.add(uint64(2))
-	vals := set.KeysUint64()
-	assert.EqualValues(t, []uint64{2}, vals)
-}
-
-func TestKeysStrMismatch(t *testing.T) {
-	set := NewSet()
-	set.add(1)
-	set.add("2")
-	vals := set.KeysStr()
-	assert.EqualValues(t, []string{"2"}, vals)
-}
-
-func TestSetType(t *testing.T) {
-	set := NewUnmanagedSet()
-	set.add(1)
-	set.add("2")
-	vals := set.Keys()
-	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []any{1, "2"}, vals)
-}

core/conf/config.go

@@ -62,7 +62,11 @@ func Load(file string, v any, opts ...Option) error {
 		return loader([]byte(os.ExpandEnv(string(content))), v)
 	}
 
-	return loader(content, v)
+	if err = loader(content, v); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return validate(v)
 }
 
 // LoadConfig loads config into v from file, .json, .yaml and .yml are acceptable.
@@ -85,7 +89,12 @@ func LoadFromJsonBytes(content []byte, v any) error {
 
 	lowerCaseKeyMap := toLowerCaseKeyMap(m, info)
 
-	return mapping.UnmarshalJsonMap(lowerCaseKeyMap, v, mapping.WithCanonicalKeyFunc(toLowerCase))
+	if err = mapping.UnmarshalJsonMap(lowerCaseKeyMap, v,
+		mapping.WithCanonicalKeyFunc(toLowerCase)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return validate(v)
 }
 
 // LoadConfigFromJsonBytes loads config into v from content json bytes.
@@ -189,10 +198,10 @@ func buildFieldsInfo(tp reflect.Type, fullName string) (*fieldInfo, error) {
 	switch tp.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		return buildStructFieldsInfo(tp, fullName)
-	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
+	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice, reflect.Map:
 		return buildFieldsInfo(mapping.Deref(tp.Elem()), fullName)
 	case reflect.Chan, reflect.Func:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %s", tp.Kind())
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %s, fullName: %s", tp.Kind(), fullName)
 	default:
 		return &fieldInfo{
 			children: make(map[string]*fieldInfo),
@@ -307,7 +316,7 @@ func toLowerCaseInterface(v any, info *fieldInfo) any {
 	case map[string]any:
 		return toLowerCaseKeyMap(vv, info)
 	case []any:
-		var arr []any
+		arr := make([]any, 0, len(vv))
 		for _, vvv := range vv {
 			arr = append(arr, toLowerCaseInterface(vvv, info))
 		}
@@ -332,6 +341,8 @@ func toLowerCaseKeyMap(m map[string]any, info *fieldInfo) map[string]any {
 			res[lk] = toLowerCaseInterface(v, ti)
 		} else if info.mapField != nil {
 			res[k] = toLowerCaseInterface(v, info.mapField)
+		} else if vv, ok := v.(map[string]any); ok {
+			res[k] = toLowerCaseKeyMap(vv, info)
 		} else {
 			res[k] = v
 		}

core/conf/config_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package conf
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
@@ -40,9 +41,8 @@ func TestConfigJson(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		test := test
 		t.Run(test, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tmpfile, err := createTempFile(test, text)
+			tmpfile, err := createTempFile(t, test, text)
 			assert.Nil(t, err)
-			defer os.Remove(tmpfile)
 
 			var val struct {
 				A string `json:"a"`
@@ -82,9 +82,8 @@ c = "${FOO}"
 d = "abcd!@#$112"
 `
 	t.Setenv("FOO", "2")
-	tmpfile, err := createTempFile(".toml", text)
+	tmpfile, err := createTempFile(t, ".toml", text)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	defer os.Remove(tmpfile)
 
 	var val struct {
 		A string `json:"a"`
@@ -105,9 +104,8 @@ b = 1
 c = "FOO"
 d = "abcd"
 `
-	tmpfile, err := createTempFile(".toml", text)
+	tmpfile, err := createTempFile(t, ".toml", text)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	defer os.Remove(tmpfile)
 
 	var val struct {
 		A string `json:"a"`
@@ -127,9 +125,8 @@ func TestConfigWithLower(t *testing.T) {
 	text := `a = "foo"
 b = 1
 `
-	tmpfile, err := createTempFile(".toml", text)
+	tmpfile, err := createTempFile(t, ".toml", text)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	defer os.Remove(tmpfile)
 
 	var val struct {
 		A string `json:"a"`
@@ -207,9 +204,8 @@ c = "${FOO}"
 d = "abcd!@#112"
 `
 	t.Setenv("FOO", "2")
-	tmpfile, err := createTempFile(".toml", text)
+	tmpfile, err := createTempFile(t, ".toml", text)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	defer os.Remove(tmpfile)
 
 	var val struct {
 		A string `json:"a"`
@@ -241,9 +237,8 @@ func TestConfigJsonEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		test := test
 		t.Run(test, func(t *testing.T) {
-			tmpfile, err := createTempFile(test, text)
+			tmpfile, err := createTempFile(t, test, text)
 			assert.Nil(t, err)
-			defer os.Remove(tmpfile)
 
 			var val struct {
 				A string `json:"a"`
@@ -1192,6 +1187,42 @@ Email = "bar"`)
 			assert.Len(t, c.Value, 2)
 		}
 	})
+
+	t.Run("multi layer map", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type Value struct {
+			User struct {
+				Name string
+			}
+		}
+
+		type Config struct {
+			Value map[string]map[string]Value
+		}
+
+		var input = []byte(`
+[Value.first.User1.User]
+Name = "foo"
+[Value.second.User2.User]
+Name = "bar"
+`)
+		var c Config
+		if assert.NoError(t, LoadFromTomlBytes(input, &c)) {
+			assert.Len(t, c.Value, 2)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func Test_LoadBadConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	type Config struct {
+		Name string `json:"name,options=foo|bar"`
+	}
+
+	file, err := createTempFile(t, ".json", `{"name": "baz"}`)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var c Config
+	err = Load(file, &c)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 func Test_getFullName(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1199,6 +1230,26 @@ func Test_getFullName(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "a", getFullName("", "a"))
 }
 
+func TestValidate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("normal config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var c mockConfig
+		err := LoadFromJsonBytes([]byte(`{"val": "hello", "number": 8}`), &c)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("error no int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var c mockConfig
+		err := LoadFromJsonBytes([]byte(`{"val": "hello"}`), &c)
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("error no string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var c mockConfig
+		err := LoadFromJsonBytes([]byte(`{"number": 8}`), &c)
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+	})
+}
+
 func Test_buildFieldsInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	type ParentSt struct {
 		Name string
@@ -1288,13 +1339,13 @@ func Test_buildFieldsInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func createTempFile(ext, text string) (string, error) {
+func createTempFile(t *testing.T, ext, text string) (string, error) {
 	tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), hash.Md5Hex([]byte(text))+"*"+ext)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	if err := os.WriteFile(tmpFile.Name(), []byte(text), os.ModeTemporary); err != nil {
+	if err = os.WriteFile(tmpFile.Name(), []byte(text), os.ModeTemporary); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
@@ -1303,5 +1354,26 @@ func createTempFile(ext, text string) (string, error) {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		_ = os.Remove(filename)
+	})
+
 	return filename, nil
 }
+
+type mockConfig struct {
+	Val    string
+	Number int
+}
+
+func (m mockConfig) Validate() error {
+	if len(m.Val) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("val is empty")
+	}
+
+	if m.Number == 0 {
+		return errors.New("number is zero")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

core/conf/validate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package conf
+
+import "github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/validation"
+
+// validate validates the value if it implements the Validator interface.
+func validate(v any) error {
+	if val, ok := v.(validation.Validator); ok {
+		return val.Validate()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

core/conf/validate_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package conf
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+type mockType int
+
+func (m mockType) Validate() error {
+	if m < 10 {
+		return errors.New("invalid value")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+type anotherMockType int
+
+func Test_validate(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		v       any
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "invalid",
+			v:       mockType(5),
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "valid",
+			v:       mockType(10),
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "not validator",
+			v:       anotherMockType(5),
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := validate(tt.v)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantErr, err != nil)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type mockVal struct {
+}
+
+func (m mockVal) Validate() error {
+	return errors.New("invalid value")
+}
+
+func Test_validateValPtr(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		v       any
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "invalid",
+			v:    mockVal{},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid value",
+			v:    &mockVal{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Error(t, validate(tt.v))
+		})
+	}
+}

core/configcenter/configurator.go

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+package configurator
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/configcenter/subscriber"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/mapping"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
+)
+
+var (
+	errEmptyConfig            = errors.New("empty config value")
+	errMissingUnmarshalerType = errors.New("missing unmarshaler type")
+)
+
+// Configurator is the interface for configuration center.
+type Configurator[T any] interface {
+	// GetConfig returns the subscription value.
+	GetConfig() (T, error)
+	// AddListener adds a listener to the subscriber.
+	AddListener(listener func())
+}
+
+type (
+	// Config is the configuration for Configurator.
+	Config struct {
+		// Type is the value type, yaml, json or toml.
+		Type string `json:",default=yaml,options=[yaml,json,toml]"`
+		// Log is the flag to control logging.
+		Log bool `json:",default=true"`
+	}
+
+	configCenter[T any] struct {
+		conf        Config
+		unmarshaler LoaderFn
+		subscriber  subscriber.Subscriber
+		listeners   []func()
+		lock        sync.Mutex
+		snapshot    atomic.Value
+	}
+
+	value[T any] struct {
+		data        string
+		marshalData T
+		err         error
+	}
+)
+
+// Configurator is the interface for configuration center.
+var _ Configurator[any] = (*configCenter[any])(nil)
+
+// MustNewConfigCenter returns a Configurator, exits on errors.
+func MustNewConfigCenter[T any](c Config, subscriber subscriber.Subscriber) Configurator[T] {
+	cc, err := NewConfigCenter[T](c, subscriber)
+	logx.Must(err)
+	return cc
+}
+
+// NewConfigCenter returns a Configurator.
+func NewConfigCenter[T any](c Config, subscriber subscriber.Subscriber) (Configurator[T], error) {
+	unmarshaler, ok := Unmarshaler(strings.ToLower(c.Type))
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown format: %s", c.Type)
+	}
+
+	cc := &configCenter[T]{
+		conf:        c,
+		unmarshaler: unmarshaler,
+		subscriber:  subscriber,
+	}
+
+	if err := cc.loadConfig(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := cc.subscriber.AddListener(cc.onChange); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if _, err := cc.GetConfig(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return cc, nil
+}
+
+// AddListener adds listener to s.
+func (c *configCenter[T]) AddListener(listener func()) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+	c.listeners = append(c.listeners, listener)
+}
+
+// GetConfig return structured config.
+func (c *configCenter[T]) GetConfig() (T, error) {
+	v := c.value()
+	if v == nil || len(v.data) == 0 {
+		var empty T
+		return empty, errEmptyConfig
+	}
+
+	return v.marshalData, v.err
+}
+
+// Value returns the subscription value.
+func (c *configCenter[T]) Value() string {
+	v := c.value()
+	if v == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return v.data
+}
+
+func (c *configCenter[T]) loadConfig() error {
+	v, err := c.subscriber.Value()
+	if err != nil {
+		if c.conf.Log {
+			logx.Errorf("ConfigCenter loads changed configuration, error: %v", err)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if c.conf.Log {
+		logx.Infof("ConfigCenter loads changed configuration, content [%s]", v)
+	}
+
+	c.snapshot.Store(c.genValue(v))
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *configCenter[T]) onChange() {
+	if err := c.loadConfig(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	listeners := make([]func(), len(c.listeners))
+	copy(listeners, c.listeners)
+	c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	for _, l := range listeners {
+		threading.GoSafe(l)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *configCenter[T]) value() *value[T] {
+	content := c.snapshot.Load()
+	if content == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return content.(*value[T])
+}
+
+func (c *configCenter[T]) genValue(data string) *value[T] {
+	v := &value[T]{
+		data: data,
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return v
+	}
+
+	t := reflect.TypeOf(v.marshalData)
+	// if the type is nil, it means that the user has not set the type of the configuration.
+	if t == nil {
+		v.err = errMissingUnmarshalerType
+		return v
+	}
+
+	t = mapping.Deref(t)
+	switch t.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Struct, reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
+		if err := c.unmarshaler([]byte(data), &v.marshalData); err != nil {
+			v.err = err
+			if c.conf.Log {
+				logx.Errorf("ConfigCenter unmarshal configuration failed, err: %+v, content [%s]",
+					err.Error(), data)
+			}
+		}
+	case reflect.String:
+		if str, ok := any(data).(T); ok {
+			v.marshalData = str
+		} else {
+			v.err = errMissingUnmarshalerType
+		}
+	default:
+		if c.conf.Log {
+			logx.Errorf("ConfigCenter unmarshal configuration missing unmarshaler for type: %s, content [%s]",
+				t.Kind(), data)
+		}
+		v.err = errMissingUnmarshalerType
+	}
+
+	return v
+}

core/configcenter/configurator_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+package configurator
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestNewConfigCenter(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := NewConfigCenter[any](Config{
+		Log: true,
+	}, &mockSubscriber{})
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+
+	_, err = NewConfigCenter[any](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, &mockSubscriber{})
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_GetConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	mock := &mockSubscriber{}
+	type Data struct {
+		Name string `json:"name"`
+	}
+
+	mock.v = `{"name": "go-zero"}`
+	c1, err := NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	data, err := c1.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "go-zero", data.Name)
+
+	mock.v = `{"name": "111"}`
+	c2, err := NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{Type: "json"}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	mock.v = `{}`
+	c3, err := NewConfigCenter[string](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = c3.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	data, err = c2.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	mock.lisErr = errors.New("mock error")
+	_, err = NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_onChange(t *testing.T) {
+	mock := &mockSubscriber{}
+	type Data struct {
+		Name string `json:"name"`
+	}
+
+	mock.v = `{"name": "go-zero"}`
+	c1, err := NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{Type: "json", Log: true}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	data, err := c1.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "go-zero", data.Name)
+
+	mock.v = `{"name": "go-zero2"}`
+	mock.change()
+
+	data, err = c1.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "go-zero2", data.Name)
+
+	mock.valErr = errors.New("mock error")
+	_, err = NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{Type: "json", Log: false}, mock)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_Value(t *testing.T) {
+	mock := &mockSubscriber{}
+	mock.v = "1234"
+
+	c, err := NewConfigCenter[string](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cc := c.(*configCenter[string])
+
+	assert.Equal(t, cc.Value(), "1234")
+
+	mock.valErr = errors.New("mock error")
+
+	_, err = NewConfigCenter[any](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_AddListener(t *testing.T) {
+	mock := &mockSubscriber{}
+	mock.v = "1234"
+	c, err := NewConfigCenter[string](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cc := c.(*configCenter[string])
+	var a, b int
+	var mutex sync.Mutex
+	cc.AddListener(func() {
+		mutex.Lock()
+		a = 1
+		mutex.Unlock()
+	})
+	cc.AddListener(func() {
+		mutex.Lock()
+		b = 2
+		mutex.Unlock()
+	})
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(cc.listeners))
+
+	mock.change()
+
+	time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+
+	mutex.Lock()
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, a)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, b)
+	mutex.Unlock()
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_genValue(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("data is empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[string]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue("")
+		assert.Equal(t, "", v.data)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid template type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[any]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue("xxxx")
+		assert.Equal(t, errMissingUnmarshalerType, v.err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unsupported template type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[int]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue("1")
+		assert.Equal(t, errMissingUnmarshalerType, v.err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("supported template string type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[string]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue("12345")
+		assert.NoError(t, v.err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "12345", v.data)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unmarshal fail", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[struct {
+			Name string `json:"name"`
+		}]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue(`{"name":"new name}`)
+		assert.Equal(t, `{"name":"new name}`, v.data)
+		assert.Error(t, v.err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[struct {
+			Name string `json:"name"`
+		}]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue(`{"name":"new name"}`)
+		assert.Equal(t, `{"name":"new name"}`, v.data)
+		assert.Equal(t, "new name", v.marshalData.Name)
+		assert.NoError(t, v.err)
+	})
+}
+
+type mockSubscriber struct {
+	v              string
+	lisErr, valErr error
+	listener       func()
+}
+
+func (m *mockSubscriber) AddListener(listener func()) error {
+	m.listener = listener
+	return m.lisErr
+}
+
+func (m *mockSubscriber) Value() (string, error) {
+	return m.v, m.valErr
+}
+
+func (m *mockSubscriber) change() {
+	if m.listener != nil {
+		m.listener()
+	}
+}

core/configcenter/subscriber/etcd.go

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package subscriber
+
+import (
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/discov"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
+)
+
+type (
+	// etcdSubscriber is a subscriber that subscribes to etcd.
+	etcdSubscriber struct {
+		*discov.Subscriber
+	}
+
+	// EtcdConf is the configuration for etcd.
+	EtcdConf = discov.EtcdConf
+)
+
+// MustNewEtcdSubscriber returns an etcd Subscriber, exits on errors.
+func MustNewEtcdSubscriber(conf EtcdConf) Subscriber {
+	s, err := NewEtcdSubscriber(conf)
+	logx.Must(err)
+	return s
+}
+
+// NewEtcdSubscriber returns an etcd Subscriber.
+func NewEtcdSubscriber(conf EtcdConf) (Subscriber, error) {
+	opts := buildSubOptions(conf)
+	s, err := discov.NewSubscriber(conf.Hosts, conf.Key, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &etcdSubscriber{Subscriber: s}, nil
+}
+
+// buildSubOptions constructs the options for creating a new etcd subscriber.
+func buildSubOptions(conf EtcdConf) []discov.SubOption {
+	opts := []discov.SubOption{
+		discov.WithExactMatch(),
+	}
+
+	if len(conf.User) > 0 {
+		opts = append(opts, discov.WithSubEtcdAccount(conf.User, conf.Pass))
+	}
+	if len(conf.CertFile) > 0 || len(conf.CertKeyFile) > 0 || len(conf.CACertFile) > 0 {
+		opts = append(opts, discov.WithSubEtcdTLS(conf.CertFile, conf.CertKeyFile,
+			conf.CACertFile, conf.InsecureSkipVerify))
+	}
+
+	return opts
+}
+
+// AddListener adds a listener to the subscriber.
+func (s *etcdSubscriber) AddListener(listener func()) error {
+	s.Subscriber.AddListener(listener)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value returns the value of the subscriber.
+func (s *etcdSubscriber) Value() (string, error) {
+	vs := s.Subscriber.Values()
+	if len(vs) > 0 {
+		return vs[len(vs)-1], nil
+	}
+
+	return "", nil
+}

core/configcenter/subscriber/subscriber.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package subscriber
+
+// Subscriber is the interface for configcenter subscribers.
+type Subscriber interface {
+	// AddListener adds a listener to the subscriber.
+	AddListener(listener func()) error
+	// Value returns the value of the subscriber.
+	Value() (string, error)
+}

core/configcenter/unmarshaler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package configurator
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/conf"
+)
+
+var registry = &unmarshalerRegistry{
+	unmarshalers: map[string]LoaderFn{
+		"json": conf.LoadFromJsonBytes,
+		"toml": conf.LoadFromTomlBytes,
+		"yaml": conf.LoadFromYamlBytes,
+	},
+}
+
+type (
+	// LoaderFn is the function type for loading configuration.
+	LoaderFn func([]byte, any) error
+
+	// unmarshalerRegistry is the registry for unmarshalers.
+	unmarshalerRegistry struct {
+		unmarshalers map[string]LoaderFn
+		mu           sync.RWMutex
+	}
+)
+
+// RegisterUnmarshaler registers an unmarshaler.
+func RegisterUnmarshaler(name string, fn LoaderFn) {
+	registry.mu.Lock()
+	defer registry.mu.Unlock()
+	registry.unmarshalers[name] = fn
+}
+
+// Unmarshaler returns the unmarshaler by name.
+func Unmarshaler(name string) (LoaderFn, bool) {
+	registry.mu.RLock()
+	defer registry.mu.RUnlock()
+	fn, ok := registry.unmarshalers[name]
+	return fn, ok
+}

core/configcenter/unmarshaler_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package configurator
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestRegisterUnmarshaler(t *testing.T) {
+	RegisterUnmarshaler("test", func(data []byte, v interface{}) error {
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	_, ok := Unmarshaler("test")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	_, ok = Unmarshaler("test2")
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+
+	_, ok = Unmarshaler("json")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	_, ok = Unmarshaler("toml")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	_, ok = Unmarshaler("yaml")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+}

core/discov/internal/etcdclient_mock.go

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 // Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
 // Source: etcdclient.go
+//
+// Generated by this command:
+//
+//	mockgen -package internal -destination etcdclient_mock.go -source etcdclient.go EtcdClient
+//
 
 // Package internal is a generated GoMock package.
 package internal
@@ -8,35 +13,36 @@ import (
 	context "context"
 	reflect "reflect"
 
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
 	clientv3 "go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3"
+	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	grpc "google.golang.org/grpc"
 )
 
-// MockEtcdClient is a mock of EtcdClient interface
+// MockEtcdClient is a mock of EtcdClient interface.
 type MockEtcdClient struct {
 	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
 	recorder *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder
+	isgomock struct{}
 }
 
-// MockEtcdClientMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockEtcdClient
+// MockEtcdClientMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockEtcdClient.
 type MockEtcdClientMockRecorder struct {
 	mock *MockEtcdClient
 }
 
-// NewMockEtcdClient creates a new mock instance
+// NewMockEtcdClient creates a new mock instance.
 func NewMockEtcdClient(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockEtcdClient {
 	mock := &MockEtcdClient{ctrl: ctrl}
 	mock.recorder = &MockEtcdClientMockRecorder{mock}
 	return mock
 }
 
-// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use
+// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) EXPECT() *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder {
 	return m.recorder
 }
 
-// ActiveConnection mocks base method
+// ActiveConnection mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) ActiveConnection() *grpc.ClientConn {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "ActiveConnection")
@@ -44,13 +50,13 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) ActiveConnection() *grpc.ClientConn {
 	return ret0
 }
 
-// ActiveConnection indicates an expected call of ActiveConnection
+// ActiveConnection indicates an expected call of ActiveConnection.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) ActiveConnection() *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ActiveConnection", reflect.TypeOf((*MockEtcdClient)(nil).ActiveConnection))
 }
 
-// Close mocks base method
+// Close mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) Close() error {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Close")
@@ -58,13 +64,13 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) Close() error {
 	return ret0
 }
 
-// Close indicates an expected call of Close
+// Close indicates an expected call of Close.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) Close() *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Close", reflect.TypeOf((*MockEtcdClient)(nil).Close))
 }
 
-// Ctx mocks base method
+// Ctx mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) Ctx() context.Context {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Ctx")
@@ -72,13 +78,13 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) Ctx() context.Context {
 	return ret0
 }
 
-// Ctx indicates an expected call of Ctx
+// Ctx indicates an expected call of Ctx.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) Ctx() *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Ctx", reflect.TypeOf((*MockEtcdClient)(nil).Ctx))
 }
 
-// Get mocks base method
+// Get mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) Get(ctx context.Context, key string, opts ...clientv3.OpOption) (*clientv3.GetResponse, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	varargs := []any{ctx, key}
@@ -91,14 +97,14 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) Get(ctx context.Context, key string, opts ...clientv3.O
 	return ret0, ret1
 }
 
-// Get indicates an expected call of Get
+// Get indicates an expected call of Get.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) Get(ctx, key any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	varargs := append([]any{ctx, key}, opts...)
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Get", reflect.TypeOf((*MockEtcdClient)(nil).Get), varargs...)
 }
 
-// Grant mocks base method
+// Grant mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) Grant(ctx context.Context, ttl int64) (*clientv3.LeaseGrantResponse, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Grant", ctx, ttl)
@@ -107,13 +113,13 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) Grant(ctx context.Context, ttl int64) (*clientv3.LeaseG
 	return ret0, ret1
 }
 
-// Grant indicates an expected call of Grant
+// Grant indicates an expected call of Grant.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) Grant(ctx, ttl any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Grant", reflect.TypeOf((*MockEtcdClient)(nil).Grant), ctx, ttl)
 }
 
-// KeepAlive mocks base method
+// KeepAlive mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) KeepAlive(ctx context.Context, id clientv3.LeaseID) (<-chan *clientv3.LeaseKeepAliveResponse, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "KeepAlive", ctx, id)
@@ -122,13 +128,13 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) KeepAlive(ctx context.Context, id clientv3.LeaseID) (<-
 	return ret0, ret1
 }
 
-// KeepAlive indicates an expected call of KeepAlive
+// KeepAlive indicates an expected call of KeepAlive.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) KeepAlive(ctx, id any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "KeepAlive", reflect.TypeOf((*MockEtcdClient)(nil).KeepAlive), ctx, id)
 }
 
-// Put mocks base method
+// Put mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) Put(ctx context.Context, key, val string, opts ...clientv3.OpOption) (*clientv3.PutResponse, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	varargs := []any{ctx, key, val}
@@ -141,14 +147,14 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) Put(ctx context.Context, key, val string, opts ...clien
 	return ret0, ret1
 }
 
-// Put indicates an expected call of Put
+// Put indicates an expected call of Put.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) Put(ctx, key, val any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	varargs := append([]any{ctx, key, val}, opts...)
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Put", reflect.TypeOf((*MockEtcdClient)(nil).Put), varargs...)
 }
 
-// Revoke mocks base method
+// Revoke mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) Revoke(ctx context.Context, id clientv3.LeaseID) (*clientv3.LeaseRevokeResponse, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Revoke", ctx, id)
@@ -157,13 +163,13 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) Revoke(ctx context.Context, id clientv3.LeaseID) (*clie
 	return ret0, ret1
 }
 
-// Revoke indicates an expected call of Revoke
+// Revoke indicates an expected call of Revoke.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) Revoke(ctx, id any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Revoke", reflect.TypeOf((*MockEtcdClient)(nil).Revoke), ctx, id)
 }
 
-// Watch mocks base method
+// Watch mocks base method.
 func (m *MockEtcdClient) Watch(ctx context.Context, key string, opts ...clientv3.OpOption) clientv3.WatchChan {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	varargs := []any{ctx, key}
@@ -175,7 +181,7 @@ func (m *MockEtcdClient) Watch(ctx context.Context, key string, opts ...clientv3
 	return ret0
 }
 
-// Watch indicates an expected call of Watch
+// Watch indicates an expected call of Watch.
 func (mr *MockEtcdClientMockRecorder) Watch(ctx, key any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	varargs := append([]any{ctx, key}, opts...)

core/discov/internal/registry.go

@@ -10,27 +10,30 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/contextx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logc"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/mathx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/v3rpc/rpctypes"
 	clientv3 "go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3"
 )
 
+const coolDownDeviation = 0.05
+
 var (
 	registry = Registry{
 		clusters: make(map[string]*cluster),
 	}
-	connManager = syncx.NewResourceManager()
-	errClosed   = errors.New("etcd monitor chan has been closed")
+	connManager      = syncx.NewResourceManager()
+	coolDownUnstable = mathx.NewUnstable(coolDownDeviation)
+	errClosed        = errors.New("etcd monitor chan has been closed")
 )
 
 // A Registry is a registry that manages the etcd client connections.
 type Registry struct {
 	clusters map[string]*cluster
-	lock     sync.Mutex
+	lock     sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 // GetRegistry returns a global Registry.
@@ -40,60 +43,148 @@ func GetRegistry() *Registry {
 
 // GetConn returns an etcd client connection associated with given endpoints.
 func (r *Registry) GetConn(endpoints []string) (EtcdClient, error) {
-	c, _ := r.getCluster(endpoints)
+	c, _ := r.getOrCreateCluster(endpoints)
 	return c.getClient()
 }
 
 // Monitor monitors the key on given etcd endpoints, notify with the given UpdateListener.
-func (r *Registry) Monitor(endpoints []string, key string, l UpdateListener) error {
-	c, exists := r.getCluster(endpoints)
+func (r *Registry) Monitor(endpoints []string, key string, exactMatch bool, l UpdateListener) error {
+	wkey := watchKey{
+		key:        key,
+		exactMatch: exactMatch,
+	}
+
+	c, exists := r.getOrCreateCluster(endpoints)
 	// if exists, the existing values should be updated to the listener.
 	if exists {
-		kvs := c.getCurrent(key)
-		for _, kv := range kvs {
-			l.OnAdd(kv)
+		c.lock.Lock()
+		watcher, ok := c.watchers[wkey]
+		if ok {
+			watcher.listeners = append(watcher.listeners, l)
+		}
+		c.lock.Unlock()
+
+		if ok {
+			kvs := c.getCurrent(wkey)
+			for _, kv := range kvs {
+				l.OnAdd(kv)
+			}
+
+			return nil
 		}
 	}
 
-	return c.monitor(key, l)
+	return c.monitor(wkey, l)
 }
 
-func (r *Registry) getCluster(endpoints []string) (c *cluster, exists bool) {
-	clusterKey := getClusterKey(endpoints)
-	r.lock.Lock()
-	defer r.lock.Unlock()
-	c, exists = r.clusters[clusterKey]
+func (r *Registry) Unmonitor(endpoints []string, key string, exactMatch bool, l UpdateListener) {
+	c, exists := r.getCluster(endpoints)
 	if !exists {
-		c = newCluster(endpoints)
-		r.clusters[clusterKey] = c
+		return
+	}
+
+	wkey := watchKey{
+		key:        key,
+		exactMatch: exactMatch,
+	}
+
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	watcher, ok := c.watchers[wkey]
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+
+	for i, listener := range watcher.listeners {
+		if listener == l {
+			watcher.listeners = append(watcher.listeners[:i], watcher.listeners[i+1:]...)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(watcher.listeners) == 0 {
+		if watcher.cancel != nil {
+			watcher.cancel()
+		}
+		delete(c.watchers, wkey)
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *Registry) getCluster(endpoints []string) (*cluster, bool) {
+	clusterKey := getClusterKey(endpoints)
+
+	r.lock.RLock()
+	c, ok := r.clusters[clusterKey]
+	r.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return c, ok
+}
+
+func (r *Registry) getOrCreateCluster(endpoints []string) (c *cluster, exists bool) {
+	c, exists = r.getCluster(endpoints)
+	if !exists {
+		clusterKey := getClusterKey(endpoints)
+
+		r.lock.Lock()
+		defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+		// double-check locking
+		c, exists = r.clusters[clusterKey]
+		if !exists {
+			c = newCluster(endpoints)
+			r.clusters[clusterKey] = c
+		}
 	}
 
 	return
 }
 
-type cluster struct {
-	endpoints  []string
-	key        string
-	values     map[string]map[string]string
-	listeners  map[string][]UpdateListener
-	watchGroup *threading.RoutineGroup
-	done       chan lang.PlaceholderType
-	lock       sync.Mutex
-}
+type (
+	watchKey struct {
+		key        string
+		exactMatch bool
+	}
+
+	watchValue struct {
+		listeners []UpdateListener
+		values    map[string]string
+		cancel    context.CancelFunc
+	}
+
+	cluster struct {
+		endpoints  []string
+		key        string
+		watchers   map[watchKey]*watchValue
+		watchGroup *threading.RoutineGroup
+		done       chan lang.PlaceholderType
+		lock       sync.RWMutex
+	}
+)
 
 func newCluster(endpoints []string) *cluster {
 	return &cluster{
 		endpoints:  endpoints,
 		key:        getClusterKey(endpoints),
-		values:     make(map[string]map[string]string),
-		listeners:  make(map[string][]UpdateListener),
+		watchers:   make(map[watchKey]*watchValue),
 		watchGroup: threading.NewRoutineGroup(),
 		done:       make(chan lang.PlaceholderType),
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) context(cli EtcdClient) context.Context {
-	return contextx.ValueOnlyFrom(cli.Ctx())
+func (c *cluster) addListener(key watchKey, l UpdateListener) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	watcher, ok := c.watchers[key]
+	if ok {
+		watcher.listeners = append(watcher.listeners, l)
+		return
+	}
+
+	val := newWatchValue()
+	val.listeners = []UpdateListener{l}
+	c.watchers[key] = val
 }
 
 func (c *cluster) getClient() (EtcdClient, error) {
@@ -107,12 +198,17 @@ func (c *cluster) getClient() (EtcdClient, error) {
 	return val.(EtcdClient), nil
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) getCurrent(key string) []KV {
-	c.lock.Lock()
-	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+func (c *cluster) getCurrent(key watchKey) []KV {
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	defer c.lock.RUnlock()
 
-	var kvs []KV
-	for k, v := range c.values[key] {
+	watcher, ok := c.watchers[key]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	kvs := make([]KV, 0, len(watcher.values))
+	for k, v := range watcher.values {
 		kvs = append(kvs, KV{
 			Key: k,
 			Val: v,
@@ -122,42 +218,23 @@ func (c *cluster) getCurrent(key string) []KV {
 	return kvs
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) handleChanges(key string, kvs []KV) {
-	var add []KV
-	var remove []KV
+func (c *cluster) handleChanges(key watchKey, kvs []KV) {
 	c.lock.Lock()
-	listeners := append([]UpdateListener(nil), c.listeners[key]...)
-	vals, ok := c.values[key]
+	watcher, ok := c.watchers[key]
 	if !ok {
-		add = kvs
-		vals = make(map[string]string)
-		for _, kv := range kvs {
-			vals[kv.Key] = kv.Val
-		}
-		c.values[key] = vals
-	} else {
-		m := make(map[string]string)
-		for _, kv := range kvs {
-			m[kv.Key] = kv.Val
-		}
-		for k, v := range vals {
-			if val, ok := m[k]; !ok || v != val {
-				remove = append(remove, KV{
-					Key: k,
-					Val: v,
-				})
-			}
-		}
-		for k, v := range m {
-			if val, ok := vals[k]; !ok || v != val {
-				add = append(add, KV{
-					Key: k,
-					Val: v,
-				})
-			}
-		}
-		c.values[key] = m
+		c.lock.Unlock()
+		return
 	}
+
+	listeners := append([]UpdateListener(nil), watcher.listeners...)
+	// watcher.values cannot be nil
+	vals := watcher.values
+	newVals := make(map[string]string, len(kvs)+len(vals))
+	for _, kv := range kvs {
+		newVals[kv.Key] = kv.Val
+	}
+	add, remove := calculateChanges(vals, newVals)
+	watcher.values = newVals
 	c.lock.Unlock()
 
 	for _, kv := range add {
@@ -172,20 +249,22 @@ func (c *cluster) handleChanges(key string, kvs []KV) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) handleWatchEvents(key string, events []*clientv3.Event) {
-	c.lock.Lock()
-	listeners := append([]UpdateListener(nil), c.listeners[key]...)
-	c.lock.Unlock()
+func (c *cluster) handleWatchEvents(ctx context.Context, key watchKey, events []*clientv3.Event) {
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	watcher, ok := c.watchers[key]
+	if !ok {
+		c.lock.RUnlock()
+		return
+	}
+
+	listeners := append([]UpdateListener(nil), watcher.listeners...)
+	c.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	for _, ev := range events {
 		switch ev.Type {
 		case clientv3.EventTypePut:
 			c.lock.Lock()
-			if vals, ok := c.values[key]; ok {
-				vals[string(ev.Kv.Key)] = string(ev.Kv.Value)
-			} else {
-				c.values[key] = map[string]string{string(ev.Kv.Key): string(ev.Kv.Value)}
-			}
+			watcher.values[string(ev.Kv.Key)] = string(ev.Kv.Value)
 			c.lock.Unlock()
 			for _, l := range listeners {
 				l.OnAdd(KV{
@@ -195,9 +274,7 @@ func (c *cluster) handleWatchEvents(key string, events []*clientv3.Event) {
 			}
 		case clientv3.EventTypeDelete:
 			c.lock.Lock()
-			if vals, ok := c.values[key]; ok {
-				delete(vals, string(ev.Kv.Key))
-			}
+			delete(watcher.values, string(ev.Kv.Key))
 			c.lock.Unlock()
 			for _, l := range listeners {
 				l.OnDelete(KV{
@@ -206,27 +283,32 @@ func (c *cluster) handleWatchEvents(key string, events []*clientv3.Event) {
 				})
 			}
 		default:
-			logx.Errorf("Unknown event type: %v", ev.Type)
+			logc.Errorf(ctx, "Unknown event type: %v", ev.Type)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) load(cli EtcdClient, key string) int64 {
+func (c *cluster) load(cli EtcdClient, key watchKey) int64 {
 	var resp *clientv3.GetResponse
 	for {
 		var err error
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(c.context(cli), RequestTimeout)
-		resp, err = cli.Get(ctx, makeKeyPrefix(key), clientv3.WithPrefix())
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(cli.Ctx(), RequestTimeout)
+		if key.exactMatch {
+			resp, err = cli.Get(ctx, key.key)
+		} else {
+			resp, err = cli.Get(ctx, makeKeyPrefix(key.key), clientv3.WithPrefix())
+		}
+
 		cancel()
 		if err == nil {
 			break
 		}
 
-		logx.Errorf("%s, key is %s", err.Error(), key)
-		time.Sleep(coolDownInterval)
+		logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "%s, key: %s, exactMatch: %t", err.Error(), key.key, key.exactMatch)
+		time.Sleep(coolDownUnstable.AroundDuration(coolDownInterval))
 	}
 
-	var kvs []KV
+	kvs := make([]KV, 0, len(resp.Kvs))
 	for _, ev := range resp.Kvs {
 		kvs = append(kvs, KV{
 			Key: string(ev.Key),
@@ -239,16 +321,13 @@ func (c *cluster) load(cli EtcdClient, key string) int64 {
 	return resp.Header.Revision
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) monitor(key string, l UpdateListener) error {
-	c.lock.Lock()
-	c.listeners[key] = append(c.listeners[key], l)
-	c.lock.Unlock()
-
+func (c *cluster) monitor(key watchKey, l UpdateListener) error {
 	cli, err := c.getClient()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	c.addListener(key, l)
 	rev := c.load(cli, key)
 	c.watchGroup.Run(func() {
 		c.watch(cli, key, rev)
@@ -270,16 +349,22 @@ func (c *cluster) newClient() (EtcdClient, error) {
 
 func (c *cluster) reload(cli EtcdClient) {
 	c.lock.Lock()
+	// cancel the previous watches
 	close(c.done)
 	c.watchGroup.Wait()
+	keys := make([]watchKey, 0, len(c.watchers))
+	for wk, wval := range c.watchers {
+		keys = append(keys, wk)
+		if wval.cancel != nil {
+			wval.cancel()
+		}
+	}
+
 	c.done = make(chan lang.PlaceholderType)
 	c.watchGroup = threading.NewRoutineGroup()
-	var keys []string
-	for k := range c.listeners {
-		keys = append(keys, k)
-	}
 	c.lock.Unlock()
 
+	// start new watches
 	for _, key := range keys {
 		k := key
 		c.watchGroup.Run(func() {
@@ -289,7 +374,7 @@ func (c *cluster) reload(cli EtcdClient) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) watch(cli EtcdClient, key string, rev int64) {
+func (c *cluster) watch(cli EtcdClient, key watchKey, rev int64) {
 	for {
 		err := c.watchStream(cli, key, rev)
 		if err == nil {
@@ -297,24 +382,17 @@ func (c *cluster) watch(cli EtcdClient, key string, rev int64) {
 		}
 
 		if rev != 0 && errors.Is(err, rpctypes.ErrCompacted) {
-			logx.Errorf("etcd watch stream has been compacted, try to reload, rev %d", rev)
+			logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd watch stream has been compacted, try to reload, rev %d", rev)
 			rev = c.load(cli, key)
 		}
 
 		// log the error and retry
-		logx.Error(err)
+		logc.Error(cli.Ctx(), err)
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) watchStream(cli EtcdClient, key string, rev int64) error {
-	var rch clientv3.WatchChan
-	if rev != 0 {
-		rch = cli.Watch(clientv3.WithRequireLeader(c.context(cli)), makeKeyPrefix(key),
-			clientv3.WithPrefix(), clientv3.WithRev(rev+1))
-	} else {
-		rch = cli.Watch(clientv3.WithRequireLeader(c.context(cli)), makeKeyPrefix(key),
-			clientv3.WithPrefix())
-	}
+func (c *cluster) watchStream(cli EtcdClient, key watchKey, rev int64) error {
+	ctx, rch := c.setupWatch(cli, key, rev)
 
 	for {
 		select {
@@ -329,13 +407,47 @@ func (c *cluster) watchStream(cli EtcdClient, key string, rev int64) error {
 				return fmt.Errorf("etcd monitor chan error: %w", wresp.Err())
 			}
 
-			c.handleWatchEvents(key, wresp.Events)
+			c.handleWatchEvents(ctx, key, wresp.Events)
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
 		case <-c.done:
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+func (c *cluster) setupWatch(cli EtcdClient, key watchKey, rev int64) (context.Context, clientv3.WatchChan) {
+	var (
+		rch  clientv3.WatchChan
+		ops  []clientv3.OpOption
+		wkey = key.key
+	)
+
+	if !key.exactMatch {
+		wkey = makeKeyPrefix(key.key)
+		ops = append(ops, clientv3.WithPrefix())
+	}
+	if rev != 0 {
+		ops = append(ops, clientv3.WithRev(rev+1))
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(cli.Ctx())
+	if watcher, ok := c.watchers[key]; ok {
+		watcher.cancel = cancel
+	} else {
+		val := newWatchValue()
+		val.cancel = cancel
+
+		c.lock.Lock()
+		c.watchers[key] = val
+		c.lock.Unlock()
+	}
+
+	rch = cli.Watch(clientv3.WithRequireLeader(ctx), wkey, ops...)
+
+	return ctx, rch
+}
+
 func (c *cluster) watchConnState(cli EtcdClient) {
 	watcher := newStateWatcher()
 	watcher.addListener(func() {
@@ -364,6 +476,28 @@ func DialClient(endpoints []string) (EtcdClient, error) {
 	return clientv3.New(cfg)
 }
 
+func calculateChanges(oldVals, newVals map[string]string) (add, remove []KV) {
+	for k, v := range newVals {
+		if val, ok := oldVals[k]; !ok || v != val {
+			add = append(add, KV{
+				Key: k,
+				Val: v,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	for k, v := range oldVals {
+		if val, ok := newVals[k]; !ok || v != val {
+			remove = append(remove, KV{
+				Key: k,
+				Val: v,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return add, remove
+}
+
 func getClusterKey(endpoints []string) string {
 	sort.Strings(endpoints)
 	return strings.Join(endpoints, endpointsSeparator)
@@ -372,3 +506,10 @@ func getClusterKey(endpoints []string) string {
 func makeKeyPrefix(key string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%c", key, Delimiter)
 }
+
+// NewClient returns a watchValue that make sure values are not nil.
+func newWatchValue() *watchValue {
+	return &watchValue{
+		values: make(map[string]string),
+	}
+}

core/discov/internal/registry_test.go

@@ -7,16 +7,17 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/contextx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stringx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/etcdserverpb"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/mvccpb"
 	clientv3 "go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3/mock/mockserver"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 )
 
 var mockLock sync.Mutex
@@ -38,9 +39,9 @@ func setMockClient(cli EtcdClient) func() {
 
 func TestGetCluster(t *testing.T) {
 	AddAccount([]string{"first"}, "foo", "bar")
-	c1, _ := GetRegistry().getCluster([]string{"first"})
-	c2, _ := GetRegistry().getCluster([]string{"second"})
-	c3, _ := GetRegistry().getCluster([]string{"first"})
+	c1, _ := GetRegistry().getOrCreateCluster([]string{"first"})
+	c2, _ := GetRegistry().getOrCreateCluster([]string{"second"})
+	c3, _ := GetRegistry().getOrCreateCluster([]string{"first"})
 	assert.Equal(t, c1, c3)
 	assert.NotEqual(t, c1, c2)
 }
@@ -50,6 +51,36 @@ func TestGetClusterKey(t *testing.T) {
 		getClusterKey([]string{"remotehost:5678", "localhost:1234"}))
 }
 
+func TestUnmonitor(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("no listener", func(t *testing.T) {
+		reg := &Registry{
+			clusters: map[string]*cluster{},
+		}
+		assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+			reg.Unmonitor([]string{"any"}, "any", false, nil)
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("no value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		reg := &Registry{
+			clusters: map[string]*cluster{
+				"any": {
+					watchers: map[watchKey]*watchValue{
+						{
+							key: "any",
+						}: {
+							values: map[string]string{},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+			reg.Unmonitor([]string{"any"}, "another", false, nil)
+		})
+	})
+}
+
 func TestCluster_HandleChanges(t *testing.T) {
 	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
 	l := NewMockUpdateListener(ctrl)
@@ -78,8 +109,14 @@ func TestCluster_HandleChanges(t *testing.T) {
 		Val: "4",
 	})
 	c := newCluster([]string{"any"})
-	c.listeners["any"] = []UpdateListener{l}
-	c.handleChanges("any", []KV{
+	key := watchKey{
+		key:        "any",
+		exactMatch: false,
+	}
+	c.watchers[key] = &watchValue{
+		listeners: []UpdateListener{l},
+	}
+	c.handleChanges(key, []KV{
 		{
 			Key: "first",
 			Val: "1",
@@ -92,8 +129,8 @@ func TestCluster_HandleChanges(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.EqualValues(t, map[string]string{
 		"first":  "1",
 		"second": "2",
-	}, c.values["any"])
-	c.handleChanges("any", []KV{
+	}, c.watchers[key].values)
+	c.handleChanges(key, []KV{
 		{
 			Key: "third",
 			Val: "3",
@@ -106,7 +143,7 @@ func TestCluster_HandleChanges(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.EqualValues(t, map[string]string{
 		"third":  "3",
 		"fourth": "4",
-	}, c.values["any"])
+	}, c.watchers[key].values)
 }
 
 func TestCluster_Load(t *testing.T) {
@@ -126,9 +163,11 @@ func TestCluster_Load(t *testing.T) {
 	}, nil)
 	cli.EXPECT().Ctx().Return(context.Background())
 	c := &cluster{
-		values: make(map[string]map[string]string),
+		watchers: make(map[watchKey]*watchValue),
 	}
-	c.load(cli, "any")
+	c.load(cli, watchKey{
+		key: "any",
+	})
 }
 
 func TestCluster_Watch(t *testing.T) {
@@ -160,11 +199,16 @@ func TestCluster_Watch(t *testing.T) {
 			var wg sync.WaitGroup
 			wg.Add(1)
 			c := &cluster{
-				listeners: make(map[string][]UpdateListener),
-				values:    make(map[string]map[string]string),
+				watchers: make(map[watchKey]*watchValue),
+			}
+			key := watchKey{
+				key: "any",
 			}
 			listener := NewMockUpdateListener(ctrl)
-			c.listeners["any"] = []UpdateListener{listener}
+			c.watchers[key] = &watchValue{
+				listeners: []UpdateListener{listener},
+				values:    make(map[string]string),
+			}
 			listener.EXPECT().OnAdd(gomock.Any()).Do(func(kv KV) {
 				assert.Equal(t, "hello", kv.Key)
 				assert.Equal(t, "world", kv.Val)
@@ -173,7 +217,7 @@ func TestCluster_Watch(t *testing.T) {
 			listener.EXPECT().OnDelete(gomock.Any()).Do(func(_ any) {
 				wg.Done()
 			}).MaxTimes(1)
-			go c.watch(cli, "any", 0)
+			go c.watch(cli, key, 0)
 			ch <- clientv3.WatchResponse{
 				Events: []*clientv3.Event{
 					{
@@ -211,17 +255,111 @@ func TestClusterWatch_RespFailures(t *testing.T) {
 			ch := make(chan clientv3.WatchResponse)
 			cli.EXPECT().Watch(gomock.Any(), "any/", gomock.Any()).Return(ch).AnyTimes()
 			cli.EXPECT().Ctx().Return(context.Background()).AnyTimes()
-			c := new(cluster)
+			c := &cluster{
+				watchers: make(map[watchKey]*watchValue),
+			}
 			c.done = make(chan lang.PlaceholderType)
 			go func() {
 				ch <- resp
 				close(c.done)
 			}()
-			c.watch(cli, "any", 0)
+			key := watchKey{
+				key: "any",
+			}
+			c.watch(cli, key, 0)
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCluster_getCurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("no value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &cluster{
+			watchers: map[watchKey]*watchValue{
+				{
+					key: "any",
+				}: {
+					values: map[string]string{},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		assert.Nil(t, c.getCurrent(watchKey{
+			key: "another",
+		}))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCluster_handleWatchEvents(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("no value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &cluster{
+			watchers: map[watchKey]*watchValue{
+				{
+					key: "any",
+				}: {
+					values: map[string]string{},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+			c.handleWatchEvents(context.Background(), watchKey{
+				key: "another",
+			}, nil)
+		})
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCluster_addListener(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("has listener", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &cluster{
+			watchers: map[watchKey]*watchValue{
+				{
+					key: "any",
+				}: {
+					listeners: make([]UpdateListener, 0),
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+			c.addListener(watchKey{
+				key: "any",
+			}, nil)
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("no listener", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &cluster{
+			watchers: map[watchKey]*watchValue{
+				{
+					key: "any",
+				}: {
+					listeners: make([]UpdateListener, 0),
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+			c.addListener(watchKey{
+				key: "another",
+			}, nil)
+		})
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCluster_reload(t *testing.T) {
+	c := &cluster{
+		watchers:   map[watchKey]*watchValue{},
+		watchGroup: threading.NewRoutineGroup(),
+		done:       make(chan lang.PlaceholderType),
+	}
+
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	defer ctrl.Finish()
+	cli := NewMockEtcdClient(ctrl)
+	restore := setMockClient(cli)
+	defer restore()
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		c.reload(cli)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestClusterWatch_CloseChan(t *testing.T) {
 	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
 	defer ctrl.Finish()
@@ -231,13 +369,17 @@ func TestClusterWatch_CloseChan(t *testing.T) {
 	ch := make(chan clientv3.WatchResponse)
 	cli.EXPECT().Watch(gomock.Any(), "any/", gomock.Any()).Return(ch).AnyTimes()
 	cli.EXPECT().Ctx().Return(context.Background()).AnyTimes()
-	c := new(cluster)
+	c := &cluster{
+		watchers: make(map[watchKey]*watchValue),
+	}
 	c.done = make(chan lang.PlaceholderType)
 	go func() {
 		close(ch)
 		close(c.done)
 	}()
-	c.watch(cli, "any", 0)
+	c.watch(cli, watchKey{
+		key: "any",
+	}, 0)
 }
 
 func TestValueOnlyContext(t *testing.T) {
@@ -280,16 +422,59 @@ func TestRegistry_Monitor(t *testing.T) {
 	GetRegistry().lock.Lock()
 	GetRegistry().clusters = map[string]*cluster{
 		getClusterKey(endpoints): {
-			listeners: map[string][]UpdateListener{},
-			values: map[string]map[string]string{
-				"foo": {
-					"bar": "baz",
+			watchers: map[watchKey]*watchValue{
+				{
+					key:        "foo",
+					exactMatch: true,
+				}: {
+					values: map[string]string{
+						"bar": "baz",
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
 	}
 	GetRegistry().lock.Unlock()
-	assert.Error(t, GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, "foo", new(mockListener)))
+	assert.Error(t, GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, "foo", false, new(mockListener)))
+}
+
+func TestRegistry_Unmonitor(t *testing.T) {
+	svr, err := mockserver.StartMockServers(1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	svr.StartAt(0)
+
+	_, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	endpoints := []string{svr.Servers[0].Address}
+	GetRegistry().lock.Lock()
+	GetRegistry().clusters = map[string]*cluster{
+		getClusterKey(endpoints): {
+			watchers: map[watchKey]*watchValue{
+				{
+					key:        "foo",
+					exactMatch: true,
+				}: {
+					values: map[string]string{
+						"bar": "baz",
+					},
+					cancel: cancel,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	GetRegistry().lock.Unlock()
+	l := new(mockListener)
+	assert.NoError(t, GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, "foo", true, l))
+	watchVals := GetRegistry().clusters[getClusterKey(endpoints)].watchers[watchKey{
+		key:        "foo",
+		exactMatch: true,
+	}]
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(watchVals.listeners))
+	GetRegistry().Unmonitor(endpoints, "foo", true, l)
+	watchVals = GetRegistry().clusters[getClusterKey(endpoints)].watchers[watchKey{
+		key:        "foo",
+		exactMatch: true,
+	}]
+	assert.Nil(t, watchVals)
 }
 
 type mockListener struct {

core/discov/internal/statewatcher_mock.go

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 // Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
 // Source: statewatcher.go
+//
+// Generated by this command:
+//
+//	mockgen -package internal -destination statewatcher_mock.go -source statewatcher.go etcdConn
+//
 
 // Package internal is a generated GoMock package.
 package internal
@@ -8,34 +13,35 @@ import (
 	context "context"
 	reflect "reflect"
 
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
+	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	connectivity "google.golang.org/grpc/connectivity"
 )
 
-// MocketcdConn is a mock of etcdConn interface
+// MocketcdConn is a mock of etcdConn interface.
 type MocketcdConn struct {
 	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
 	recorder *MocketcdConnMockRecorder
+	isgomock struct{}
 }
 
-// MocketcdConnMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MocketcdConn
+// MocketcdConnMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MocketcdConn.
 type MocketcdConnMockRecorder struct {
 	mock *MocketcdConn
 }
 
-// NewMocketcdConn creates a new mock instance
+// NewMocketcdConn creates a new mock instance.
 func NewMocketcdConn(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MocketcdConn {
 	mock := &MocketcdConn{ctrl: ctrl}
 	mock.recorder = &MocketcdConnMockRecorder{mock}
 	return mock
 }
 
-// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use
+// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
 func (m *MocketcdConn) EXPECT() *MocketcdConnMockRecorder {
 	return m.recorder
 }
 
-// GetState mocks base method
+// GetState mocks base method.
 func (m *MocketcdConn) GetState() connectivity.State {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "GetState")
@@ -43,13 +49,13 @@ func (m *MocketcdConn) GetState() connectivity.State {
 	return ret0
 }
 
-// GetState indicates an expected call of GetState
+// GetState indicates an expected call of GetState.
 func (mr *MocketcdConnMockRecorder) GetState() *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "GetState", reflect.TypeOf((*MocketcdConn)(nil).GetState))
 }
 
-// WaitForStateChange mocks base method
+// WaitForStateChange mocks base method.
 func (m *MocketcdConn) WaitForStateChange(ctx context.Context, sourceState connectivity.State) bool {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "WaitForStateChange", ctx, sourceState)
@@ -57,7 +63,7 @@ func (m *MocketcdConn) WaitForStateChange(ctx context.Context, sourceState conne
 	return ret0
 }
 
-// WaitForStateChange indicates an expected call of WaitForStateChange
+// WaitForStateChange indicates an expected call of WaitForStateChange.
 func (mr *MocketcdConnMockRecorder) WaitForStateChange(ctx, sourceState any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "WaitForStateChange", reflect.TypeOf((*MocketcdConn)(nil).WaitForStateChange), ctx, sourceState)

core/discov/internal/statewatcher_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/connectivity"
 )
 

core/discov/internal/updatelistener.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ type (
 	}
 
 	// UpdateListener wraps the OnAdd and OnDelete methods.
+	// The implementation should be thread-safe and idempotent.
 	UpdateListener interface {
 		OnAdd(kv KV)
 		OnDelete(kv KV)

core/discov/internal/updatelistener_mock.go

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 // Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
 // Source: updatelistener.go
+//
+// Generated by this command:
+//
+//	mockgen -package internal -destination updatelistener_mock.go -source updatelistener.go UpdateListener
+//
 
 // Package internal is a generated GoMock package.
 package internal
@@ -7,51 +12,52 @@ package internal
 import (
 	reflect "reflect"
 
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
+	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 )
 
-// MockUpdateListener is a mock of UpdateListener interface
+// MockUpdateListener is a mock of UpdateListener interface.
 type MockUpdateListener struct {
 	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
 	recorder *MockUpdateListenerMockRecorder
+	isgomock struct{}
 }
 
-// MockUpdateListenerMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockUpdateListener
+// MockUpdateListenerMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockUpdateListener.
 type MockUpdateListenerMockRecorder struct {
 	mock *MockUpdateListener
 }
 
-// NewMockUpdateListener creates a new mock instance
+// NewMockUpdateListener creates a new mock instance.
 func NewMockUpdateListener(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockUpdateListener {
 	mock := &MockUpdateListener{ctrl: ctrl}
 	mock.recorder = &MockUpdateListenerMockRecorder{mock}
 	return mock
 }
 
-// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use
+// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
 func (m *MockUpdateListener) EXPECT() *MockUpdateListenerMockRecorder {
 	return m.recorder
 }
 
-// OnAdd mocks base method
+// OnAdd mocks base method.
 func (m *MockUpdateListener) OnAdd(kv KV) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	m.ctrl.Call(m, "OnAdd", kv)
 }
 
-// OnAdd indicates an expected call of OnAdd
+// OnAdd indicates an expected call of OnAdd.
 func (mr *MockUpdateListenerMockRecorder) OnAdd(kv any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "OnAdd", reflect.TypeOf((*MockUpdateListener)(nil).OnAdd), kv)
 }
 
-// OnDelete mocks base method
+// OnDelete mocks base method.
 func (m *MockUpdateListener) OnDelete(kv KV) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	m.ctrl.Call(m, "OnDelete", kv)
 }
 
-// OnDelete indicates an expected call of OnDelete
+// OnDelete indicates an expected call of OnDelete.
 func (mr *MockUpdateListenerMockRecorder) OnDelete(kv any) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "OnDelete", reflect.TypeOf((*MockUpdateListener)(nil).OnDelete), kv)

core/discov/publisher.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/discov/internal"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logc"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/proc"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
@@ -91,12 +92,12 @@ func (p *Publisher) doKeepAlive() error {
 		default:
 			cli, err := p.doRegister()
 			if err != nil {
-				logx.Errorf("etcd publisher doRegister: %s", err.Error())
+				logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher doRegister: %v", err)
 				break
 			}
 
 			if err := p.keepAliveAsync(cli); err != nil {
-				logx.Errorf("etcd publisher keepAliveAsync: %s", err.Error())
+				logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher keepAliveAsync: %v", err)
 				break
 			}
 
@@ -124,23 +125,48 @@ func (p *Publisher) keepAliveAsync(cli internal.EtcdClient) error {
 	}
 
 	threading.GoSafe(func() {
+		wch := cli.Watch(cli.Ctx(), p.fullKey, clientv3.WithFilterPut())
+
 		for {
 			select {
 			case _, ok := <-ch:
 				if !ok {
 					p.revoke(cli)
 					if err := p.doKeepAlive(); err != nil {
-						logx.Errorf("etcd publisher KeepAlive: %s", err.Error())
+						logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher KeepAlive: %v", err)
 					}
 					return
 				}
+
+			case c := <-wch:
+				if c.Err() != nil {
+					logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher watch: %v", c.Err())
+					if err := p.doKeepAlive(); err != nil {
+						logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher KeepAlive: %v", err)
+					}
+					return
+				}
+
+				for _, evt := range c.Events {
+					if evt.Type == clientv3.EventTypeDelete {
+						logc.Infof(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher watch: %s, event: %v",
+							evt.Kv.Key, evt.Type)
+						_, err := cli.Put(cli.Ctx(), p.fullKey, p.value, clientv3.WithLease(p.lease))
+						if err != nil {
+							logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher re-put key: %v", err)
+						} else {
+							logc.Infof(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher re-put key: %s, value: %s",
+								p.fullKey, p.value)
+						}
+					}
+				}
 			case <-p.pauseChan:
-				logx.Infof("paused etcd renew, key: %s, value: %s", p.key, p.value)
+				logc.Infof(cli.Ctx(), "paused etcd renew, key: %s, value: %s", p.key, p.value)
 				p.revoke(cli)
 				select {
 				case <-p.resumeChan:
 					if err := p.doKeepAlive(); err != nil {
-						logx.Errorf("etcd publisher KeepAlive: %s", err.Error())
+						logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher KeepAlive: %v", err)
 					}
 					return
 				case <-p.quit.Done():
@@ -175,7 +201,7 @@ func (p *Publisher) register(client internal.EtcdClient) (clientv3.LeaseID, erro
 
 func (p *Publisher) revoke(cli internal.EtcdClient) {
 	if _, err := cli.Revoke(cli.Ctx(), p.lease); err != nil {
-		logx.Errorf("etcd publisher revoke: %s", err.Error())
+		logc.Errorf(cli.Ctx(), "etcd publisher revoke: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 

core/discov/publisher_test.go

@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/discov/internal"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stringx"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/mvccpb"
 	clientv3 "go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	"golang.org/x/net/http2"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
@@ -211,6 +212,9 @@ func TestPublisher_keepAliveAsyncQuit(t *testing.T) {
 	defer restore()
 	cli.EXPECT().Ctx().AnyTimes()
 	cli.EXPECT().KeepAlive(gomock.Any(), id)
+	// Add Watch expectation for the new watch mechanism
+	watchChan := make(<-chan clientv3.WatchResponse)
+	cli.EXPECT().Watch(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(watchChan)
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	wg.Add(1)
 	cli.EXPECT().Revoke(gomock.Any(), id).Do(func(_, _ any) {
@@ -232,6 +236,9 @@ func TestPublisher_keepAliveAsyncPause(t *testing.T) {
 	defer restore()
 	cli.EXPECT().Ctx().AnyTimes()
 	cli.EXPECT().KeepAlive(gomock.Any(), id)
+	// Add Watch expectation for the new watch mechanism
+	watchChan := make(<-chan clientv3.WatchResponse)
+	cli.EXPECT().Watch(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(watchChan)
 	pub := NewPublisher(nil, "thekey", "thevalue")
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	wg.Add(1)
@@ -245,6 +252,112 @@ func TestPublisher_keepAliveAsyncPause(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
+// Test case for key deletion and re-registration (covers lines 148-155)
+func TestPublisher_keepAliveAsyncKeyDeletion(t *testing.T) {
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	defer ctrl.Finish()
+	const id clientv3.LeaseID = 1
+	cli := internal.NewMockEtcdClient(ctrl)
+	restore := setMockClient(cli)
+	defer restore()
+	cli.EXPECT().Ctx().AnyTimes()
+	cli.EXPECT().KeepAlive(gomock.Any(), id)
+
+	// Create a watch channel that will send a delete event
+	watchChan := make(chan clientv3.WatchResponse, 1)
+	watchResp := clientv3.WatchResponse{
+		Events: []*clientv3.Event{{
+			Type: clientv3.EventTypeDelete,
+			Kv: &mvccpb.KeyValue{
+				Key: []byte("thekey"),
+			},
+		}},
+	}
+	watchChan <- watchResp
+
+	cli.EXPECT().Watch(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return((<-chan clientv3.WatchResponse)(watchChan))
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(1) // Only wait for Revoke call
+
+	// Use a channel to signal when Put has been called
+	putCalled := make(chan struct{})
+
+	// Expect the re-put operation when key is deleted
+	cli.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), "thekey", "thevalue", gomock.Any()).Do(func(_, _, _, _ any) {
+		close(putCalled) // Signal that Put has been called
+	}).Return(nil, nil)
+
+	// Expect revoke when Stop is called
+	cli.EXPECT().Revoke(gomock.Any(), id).Do(func(_, _ any) {
+		wg.Done()
+	})
+
+	pub := NewPublisher(nil, "thekey", "thevalue")
+	pub.lease = id
+	pub.fullKey = "thekey"
+
+	assert.Nil(t, pub.keepAliveAsync(cli))
+
+	// Wait for Put to be called, then stop
+	<-putCalled
+	pub.Stop()
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+// Test case for key deletion with re-put error (covers error branch in lines 151-152)
+func TestPublisher_keepAliveAsyncKeyDeletionPutError(t *testing.T) {
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	defer ctrl.Finish()
+	const id clientv3.LeaseID = 1
+	cli := internal.NewMockEtcdClient(ctrl)
+	restore := setMockClient(cli)
+	defer restore()
+	cli.EXPECT().Ctx().AnyTimes()
+	cli.EXPECT().KeepAlive(gomock.Any(), id)
+
+	// Create a watch channel that will send a delete event
+	watchChan := make(chan clientv3.WatchResponse, 1)
+	watchResp := clientv3.WatchResponse{
+		Events: []*clientv3.Event{{
+			Type: clientv3.EventTypeDelete,
+			Kv: &mvccpb.KeyValue{
+				Key: []byte("thekey"),
+			},
+		}},
+	}
+	watchChan <- watchResp
+
+	cli.EXPECT().Watch(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return((<-chan clientv3.WatchResponse)(watchChan))
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(1) // Only wait for Revoke call
+
+	// Use a channel to signal when Put has been called
+	putCalled := make(chan struct{})
+
+	// Expect the re-put operation to fail
+	cli.EXPECT().Put(gomock.Any(), "thekey", "thevalue", gomock.Any()).Do(func(_, _, _, _ any) {
+		close(putCalled) // Signal that Put has been called
+	}).Return(nil, errors.New("put error"))
+
+	// Expect revoke when Stop is called
+	cli.EXPECT().Revoke(gomock.Any(), id).Do(func(_, _ any) {
+		wg.Done()
+	})
+
+	pub := NewPublisher(nil, "thekey", "thevalue")
+	pub.lease = id
+	pub.fullKey = "thekey"
+
+	assert.Nil(t, pub.keepAliveAsync(cli))
+
+	// Wait for Put to be called, then stop
+	<-putCalled
+	pub.Stop()
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
 func TestPublisher_Resume(t *testing.T) {
 	publisher := new(Publisher)
 	publisher.resumeChan = make(chan lang.PlaceholderType)
@@ -273,6 +386,9 @@ func TestPublisher_keepAliveAsync(t *testing.T) {
 	defer restore()
 	cli.EXPECT().Ctx().AnyTimes()
 	cli.EXPECT().KeepAlive(gomock.Any(), id)
+	// Add Watch expectation for the new watch mechanism
+	watchChan := make(<-chan clientv3.WatchResponse)
+	cli.EXPECT().Watch(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(watchChan)
 	cli.EXPECT().Grant(gomock.Any(), timeToLive).Return(&clientv3.LeaseGrantResponse{
 		ID: 1,
 	}, nil)

core/discov/subscriber.go

@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@ type (
 
 	// A Subscriber is used to subscribe the given key on an etcd cluster.
 	Subscriber struct {
-		endpoints []string
-		exclusive bool
-		items     *container
+		endpoints  []string
+		exclusive  bool
+		key        string
+		exactMatch bool
+		items      *container
 	}
 )
 
@@ -28,13 +30,14 @@ type (
 func NewSubscriber(endpoints []string, key string, opts ...SubOption) (*Subscriber, error) {
 	sub := &Subscriber{
 		endpoints: endpoints,
+		key:       key,
 	}
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		opt(sub)
 	}
 	sub.items = newContainer(sub.exclusive)
 
-	if err := internal.GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, key, sub.items); err != nil {
+	if err := internal.GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, key, sub.exactMatch, sub.items); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -46,6 +49,11 @@ func (s *Subscriber) AddListener(listener func()) {
 	s.items.addListener(listener)
 }
 
+// Close closes the subscriber.
+func (s *Subscriber) Close() {
+	internal.GetRegistry().Unmonitor(s.endpoints, s.key, s.exactMatch, s.items)
+}
+
 // Values returns all the subscription values.
 func (s *Subscriber) Values() []string {
 	return s.items.getValues()
@@ -59,6 +67,13 @@ func Exclusive() SubOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithExactMatch turn off querying using key prefixes.
+func WithExactMatch() SubOption {
+	return func(sub *Subscriber) {
+		sub.exactMatch = true
+	}
+}
+
 // WithSubEtcdAccount provides the etcd username/password.
 func WithSubEtcdAccount(user, pass string) SubOption {
 	return func(sub *Subscriber) {

core/discov/subscriber_test.go

@@ -225,3 +225,28 @@ func TestWithSubEtcdAccount(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, user, account.User)
 	assert.Equal(t, "bar", account.Pass)
 }
+
+func TestWithExactMatch(t *testing.T) {
+	sub := new(Subscriber)
+	WithExactMatch()(sub)
+	sub.items = newContainer(sub.exclusive)
+	var count int32
+	sub.AddListener(func() {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&count, 1)
+	})
+	sub.items.notifyChange()
+	assert.Empty(t, sub.Values())
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&count))
+}
+
+func TestSubscriberClose(t *testing.T) {
+	l := newContainer(false)
+	sub := &Subscriber{
+		endpoints: []string{"localhost:12379"},
+		key:       "foo",
+		items:     l,
+	}
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		sub.Close()
+	})
+}

core/errorx/batcherror.go

@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
 package errorx
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"sync"
 )
 
-type (
-	// A BatchError is an error that can hold multiple errors.
-	BatchError struct {
-		errs errorArray
-		lock sync.Mutex
-	}
+// BatchError is an error that can hold multiple errors.
+type BatchError struct {
+	errs []error
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+}
 
-	errorArray []error
-)
-
-// Add adds errs to be, nil errors are ignored.
+// Add adds one or more non-nil errors to the BatchError instance.
 func (be *BatchError) Add(errs ...error) {
 	be.lock.Lock()
 	defer be.lock.Unlock()
@@ -27,39 +23,20 @@ func (be *BatchError) Add(errs ...error) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Err returns an error that represents all errors.
+// Err returns an error that represents all accumulated errors.
+// It returns nil if there are no errors.
 func (be *BatchError) Err() error {
-	be.lock.Lock()
-	defer be.lock.Unlock()
+	be.lock.RLock()
+	defer be.lock.RUnlock()
 
-	switch len(be.errs) {
-	case 0:
-		return nil
-	case 1:
-		return be.errs[0]
-	default:
-		return be.errs
-	}
+	// If there are no non-nil errors, errors.Join(...) returns nil.
+	return errors.Join(be.errs...)
 }
 
-// NotNil checks if any error inside.
+// NotNil checks if there is at least one error inside the BatchError.
 func (be *BatchError) NotNil() bool {
-	be.lock.Lock()
-	defer be.lock.Unlock()
+	be.lock.RLock()
+	defer be.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	return len(be.errs) > 0
 }
-
-// Error returns a string that represents inside errors.
-func (ea errorArray) Error() string {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-
-	for i := range ea {
-		if i > 0 {
-			buf.WriteByte('\n')
-		}
-		buf.WriteString(ea[i].Error())
-	}
-
-	return buf.String()
-}

core/errorx/batcherror_test.go

@@ -66,3 +66,82 @@ func TestBatchErrorConcurrentAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, count, len(batch.errs))
 	assert.True(t, batch.NotNil())
 }
+
+func TestBatchError_Unwrap(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("nil", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var be BatchError
+		assert.Nil(t, be.Err())
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), nil))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("one error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var errFoo = errors.New("foo")
+		var errBar = errors.New("bar")
+		var be BatchError
+		be.Add(errFoo)
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errFoo))
+		assert.False(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errBar))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("two errors", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var errFoo = errors.New("foo")
+		var errBar = errors.New("bar")
+		var errBaz = errors.New("baz")
+		var be BatchError
+		be.Add(errFoo)
+		be.Add(errBar)
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errFoo))
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errBar))
+		assert.False(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errBaz))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestBatchError_Add(t *testing.T) {
+	var be BatchError
+
+	// Test adding nil errors
+	be.Add(nil, nil)
+	assert.False(t, be.NotNil(), "Expected BatchError to be empty after adding nil errors")
+
+	// Test adding non-nil errors
+	err1 := errors.New("error 1")
+	err2 := errors.New("error 2")
+	be.Add(err1, err2)
+	assert.True(t, be.NotNil(), "Expected BatchError to be non-empty after adding errors")
+
+	// Test adding a mix of nil and non-nil errors
+	err3 := errors.New("error 3")
+	be.Add(nil, err3, nil)
+	assert.True(t, be.NotNil(), "Expected BatchError to be non-empty after adding a mix of nil and non-nil errors")
+}
+
+func TestBatchError_Err(t *testing.T) {
+	var be BatchError
+
+	// Test Err() on empty BatchError
+	assert.Nil(t, be.Err(), "Expected nil error for empty BatchError")
+
+	// Test Err() with multiple errors
+	err1 := errors.New("error 1")
+	err2 := errors.New("error 2")
+	be.Add(err1, err2)
+
+	combinedErr := be.Err()
+	assert.NotNil(t, combinedErr, "Expected nil error for BatchError with multiple errors")
+
+	// Check if the combined error contains both error messages
+	errString := combinedErr.Error()
+	assert.Truef(t, errors.Is(combinedErr, err1), "Combined error doesn't contain first error: %s", errString)
+	assert.Truef(t, errors.Is(combinedErr, err2), "Combined error doesn't contain second error: %s", errString)
+}
+
+func TestBatchError_NotNil(t *testing.T) {
+	var be BatchError
+
+	// Test NotNil() on empty BatchError
+	assert.Nil(t, be.Err(), "Expected nil error for empty BatchError")
+
+	// Test NotNil() after adding an error
+	be.Add(errors.New("test error"))
+	assert.NotNil(t, be.Err(), "Expected non-nil error after adding an error")
+}

core/filex/file.go

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ func firstLine(file *os.File) (string, error) {
 	for {
 		buf := make([]byte, bufSize)
 		n, err := file.ReadAt(buf, offset)
+
 		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
 			return "", err
 		}
@@ -45,6 +46,10 @@ func firstLine(file *os.File) (string, error) {
 			}
 		}
 
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			return string(append(first, buf[:n]...)), nil
+		}
+
 		first = append(first, buf[:n]...)
 		offset += bufSize
 	}
@@ -57,30 +62,42 @@ func lastLine(filename string, file *os.File) (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	var last []byte
+	bufLen := int64(bufSize)
 	offset := info.Size()
-	for {
-		offset -= bufSize
-		if offset < 0 {
+
+	for offset > 0 {
+		if offset < bufLen {
+			bufLen = offset
 			offset = 0
+		} else {
+			offset -= bufLen
 		}
-		buf := make([]byte, bufSize)
+
+		buf := make([]byte, bufLen)
 		n, err := file.ReadAt(buf, offset)
 		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
 			return "", err
 		}
 
+		if n == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
 		if buf[n-1] == '\n' {
 			buf = buf[:n-1]
 			n--
 		} else {
 			buf = buf[:n]
 		}
-		for n--; n >= 0; n-- {
-			if buf[n] == '\n' {
-				return string(append(buf[n+1:], last...)), nil
+
+		for i := n - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			if buf[i] == '\n' {
+				return string(append(buf[i+1:], last...)), nil
 			}
 		}
 
 		last = append(buf, last...)
 	}
+
+	return string(last), nil
 }

core/filex/file_test.go

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ last line`
 second line
 last line
 `
+	emptyContent = ``
 )
 
 func TestFirstLine(t *testing.T) {
@@ -79,6 +80,26 @@ func TestFirstLineError(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestFirstLineEmptyFile(t *testing.T) {
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(emptyContent)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := FirstLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", val)
+}
+
+func TestFirstLineWithoutNewline(t *testing.T) {
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(longLine)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := FirstLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, longLine, val)
+}
+
 func TestLastLine(t *testing.T) {
 	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(text)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
@@ -99,6 +120,16 @@ func TestLastLineWithLastNewline(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, longLine, val)
 }
 
+func TestLastLineWithoutLastNewline(t *testing.T) {
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(longLine)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := LastLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, longLine, val)
+}
+
 func TestLastLineShort(t *testing.T) {
 	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(shortText)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
@@ -123,3 +154,67 @@ func TestLastLineError(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := LastLine("/tmp/does-not-exist")
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }
+
+func TestLastLineEmptyFile(t *testing.T) {
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(emptyContent)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := LastLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", val)
+}
+
+func TestFirstLineExactlyBufSize(t *testing.T) {
+	content := make([]byte, bufSize)
+	for i := range content {
+		content[i] = 'a'
+	}
+	content[bufSize-1] = '\n' // Ensure there is a newline at the edge
+
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(string(content))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := FirstLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, string(content[:bufSize-1]), val)
+}
+
+func TestLastLineExactlyBufSize(t *testing.T) {
+	content := make([]byte, bufSize)
+	for i := range content {
+		content[i] = 'a'
+	}
+	content[bufSize-1] = '\n' // Ensure there is a newline at the edge
+
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(string(content))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := LastLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, string(content[:bufSize-1]), val)
+}
+
+func TestFirstLineLargeFile(t *testing.T) {
+	content := text + text + text + "\n" + "extra"
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(content)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := FirstLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "first line", val)
+}
+
+func TestLastLineLargeFile(t *testing.T) {
+	content := text + text + text + "\n" + "extra"
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(content)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := LastLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "extra", val)
+}

core/fs/files.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build linux || darwin
+//go:build linux || darwin || freebsd
 
 package fs
 

core/fx/stream.go

@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ func Range(source <-chan any) Stream {
 	}
 }
 
-// AllMach returns whether all elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
+// AllMatch returns whether all elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
 // May not evaluate the predicate on all elements if not necessary for determining the result.
 // If the stream is empty then true is returned and the predicate is not evaluated.
-func (s Stream) AllMach(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
+func (s Stream) AllMatch(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
 	for item := range s.source {
 		if !predicate(item) {
 			// make sure the former goroutine not block, and current func returns fast.
@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@ func (s Stream) AllMach(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// AnyMach returns whether any elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
+// AnyMatch returns whether any elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
 // May not evaluate the predicate on all elements if not necessary for determining the result.
 // If the stream is empty then false is returned and the predicate is not evaluated.
-func (s Stream) AnyMach(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
+func (s Stream) AnyMatch(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
 	for item := range s.source {
 		if predicate(item) {
 			// make sure the former goroutine not block, and current func returns fast.
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ func (s Stream) Count() (count int) {
 	return
 }
 
-// Distinct removes the duplicated items base on the given KeyFunc.
+// Distinct removes the duplicated items based on the given KeyFunc.
 func (s Stream) Distinct(fn KeyFunc) Stream {
 	source := make(chan any)
 
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ func (s Stream) Tail(n int64) Stream {
 	return Range(source)
 }
 
-// Walk lets the callers handle each item, the caller may write zero, one or more items base on the given item.
+// Walk lets the callers handle each item, the caller may write zero, one or more items based on the given item.
 func (s Stream) Walk(fn WalkFunc, opts ...Option) Stream {
 	option := buildOptions(opts...)
 	if option.unlimitedWorkers {

core/fx/stream_test.go

@@ -398,16 +398,16 @@ func TestWalk(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestStream_AnyMach(t *testing.T) {
 	runCheckedTest(t, func(t *testing.T) {
-		assetEqual(t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMach(func(item any) bool {
+		assetEqual(t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMatch(func(item any) bool {
 			return item.(int) == 4
 		}))
-		assetEqual(t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMach(func(item any) bool {
+		assetEqual(t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMatch(func(item any) bool {
 			return item.(int) == 0
 		}))
-		assetEqual(t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMach(func(item any) bool {
+		assetEqual(t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMatch(func(item any) bool {
 			return item.(int) == 2
 		}))
-		assetEqual(t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMach(func(item any) bool {
+		assetEqual(t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMatch(func(item any) bool {
 			return item.(int) == 2
 		}))
 	})
@@ -416,17 +416,17 @@ func TestStream_AnyMach(t *testing.T) {
 func TestStream_AllMach(t *testing.T) {
 	runCheckedTest(t, func(t *testing.T) {
 		assetEqual(
-			t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMach(func(item any) bool {
+			t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMatch(func(item any) bool {
 				return true
 			}),
 		)
 		assetEqual(
-			t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMach(func(item any) bool {
+			t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMatch(func(item any) bool {
 				return false
 			}),
 		)
 		assetEqual(
-			t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMach(func(item any) bool {
+			t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMatch(func(item any) bool {
 				return item.(int) == 1
 			}),
 		)

core/hash/consistenthash.go

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func (h *ConsistentHash) AddWithWeight(node any, weight int) {
 	h.AddWithReplicas(node, replicas)
 }
 
-// Get returns the corresponding node from h base on the given v.
+// Get returns the corresponding node from h based on the given v.
 func (h *ConsistentHash) Get(v any) (any, bool) {
 	h.lock.RLock()
 	defer h.lock.RUnlock()

core/hash/consistenthash_test.go

@@ -86,21 +86,16 @@ func TestConsistentHashIncrementalTransfer(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestConsistentHashTransferOnFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	index := 41
-	keys, newKeys := getKeysBeforeAndAfterFailure(t, "localhost:", index)
-	var transferred int
-	for k, v := range newKeys {
-		if v != keys[k] {
-			transferred++
-		}
-	}
-
-	ratio := float32(transferred) / float32(requestSize)
-	assert.True(t, ratio < 2.5/float32(keySize), fmt.Sprintf("%d: %f", index, ratio))
+	ratioNotExists := getTransferRatioOnFailure(t, index)
+	assert.True(t, ratioNotExists == 0, fmt.Sprintf("%d: %f", index, ratioNotExists))
+	index = 13
+	ratio := getTransferRatioOnFailure(t, index)
+	assert.True(t, ratio < 2.5/keySize, fmt.Sprintf("%d: %f", index, ratio))
 }
 
 func TestConsistentHashLeastTransferOnFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	prefix := "localhost:"
-	index := 41
+	index := 13
 	keys, newKeys := getKeysBeforeAndAfterFailure(t, prefix, index)
 	for k, v := range keys {
 		newV := newKeys[k]
@@ -164,6 +159,17 @@ func getKeysBeforeAndAfterFailure(t *testing.T, prefix string, index int) (map[i
 	return keys, newKeys
 }
 
+func getTransferRatioOnFailure(t *testing.T, index int) float32 {
+	keys, newKeys := getKeysBeforeAndAfterFailure(t, "localhost:", index)
+	var transferred int
+	for k, v := range newKeys {
+		if v != keys[k] {
+			transferred++
+		}
+	}
+	return float32(transferred) / float32(requestSize)
+}
+
 type mockNode struct {
 	addr string
 	id   int

core/hash/hash.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package hash
 
 import (
 	"crypto/md5"
-	"fmt"
+	"encoding/hex"
 
 	"github.com/spaolacci/murmur3"
 )
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ func Md5(data []byte) []byte {
 }
 
 // Md5Hex returns the md5 hex string of data.
+// This function is optimized for better performance than fmt.Sprintf.
 func Md5Hex(data []byte) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%x", Md5(data))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(Md5(data))
 }

core/jsonx/json.go

@@ -8,9 +8,25 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 )
 
-// Marshal marshals v into json bytes.
+// Marshal marshals v into json bytes, without escaping HTML and removes the trailing newline.
 func Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(v)
+	// why not use json.Marshal?  https://github.com/golang/go/issues/28453
+	// it changes the behavior of json.Marshal, like & -> \u0026, < -> \u003c, > -> \u003e
+	// which is not what we want in API responses
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
+	enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)
+	if err := enc.Encode(v); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	bs := buf.Bytes()
+	// Remove trailing newline added by json.Encoder.Encode
+	if len(bs) > 0 && bs[len(bs)-1] == '\n' {
+		bs = bs[:len(bs)-1]
+	}
+
+	return bs, nil
 }
 
 // MarshalToString marshals v into a string.

core/jsonx/json_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package jsonx
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -101,3 +102,105 @@ func TestUnmarshalFromReaderError(t *testing.T) {
 	err := UnmarshalFromReader(strings.NewReader(s), &v)
 	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 }
+
+func Test_doMarshalJson(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		v any
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		args    args
+		want    []byte
+		wantErr assert.ErrorAssertionFunc
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "nil",
+			args:    args{nil},
+			want:    []byte("null"),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "string",
+			args:    args{"hello"},
+			want:    []byte(`"hello"`),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "int",
+			args:    args{42},
+			want:    []byte("42"),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "bool",
+			args:    args{true},
+			want:    []byte("true"),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "struct",
+			args: args{
+				struct {
+					Name string `json:"name"`
+				}{Name: "test"},
+			},
+			want:    []byte(`{"name":"test"}`),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "slice",
+			args:    args{[]int{1, 2, 3}},
+			want:    []byte("[1,2,3]"),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "map",
+			args:    args{map[string]int{"a": 1, "b": 2}},
+			want:    []byte(`{"a":1,"b":2}`),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "unmarshalable type",
+			args:    args{complex(1, 2)},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: assert.Error,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "channel type",
+			args:    args{make(chan int)},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: assert.Error,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "url with query params",
+			args:    args{"https://example.com/api?name=test&age=25"},
+			want:    []byte(`"https://example.com/api?name=test&age=25"`),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "url with encoded query params",
+			args:    args{"https://example.com/api?data=hello%20world&special=%26%3D"},
+			want:    []byte(`"https://example.com/api?data=hello%20world&special=%26%3D"`),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "url with multiple query params",
+			args:    args{"http://localhost:8080/users?page=1&limit=10&sort=name&order=asc"},
+			want:    []byte(`"http://localhost:8080/users?page=1&limit=10&sort=name&order=asc"`),
+			wantErr: assert.NoError,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := Marshal(tt.args.v)
+			if !tt.wantErr(t, err, fmt.Sprintf("Marshal(%v)", tt.args.v)) {
+				return
+			}
+
+			assert.Equalf(t, string(tt.want), string(got), "Marshal(%v)", tt.args.v)
+		})
+	}
+}

core/logc/logs.go

@@ -37,6 +37,13 @@ func Debugf(ctx context.Context, format string, v ...interface{}) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Debugf(format, v...)
 }
 
+// Debugfn writes fn result into access log.
+// This is useful when the function is expensive to compute,
+// and we want to log it only when necessary.
+func Debugfn(ctx context.Context, fn func() any) {
+	getLogger(ctx).Debugfn(fn)
+}
+
 // Debugv writes v into access log with json content.
 func Debugv(ctx context.Context, v interface{}) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Debugv(v)
@@ -57,6 +64,13 @@ func Errorf(ctx context.Context, format string, v ...any) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Errorf(fmt.Errorf(format, v...).Error())
 }
 
+// Errorfn writes fn result into error log.
+// This is useful when the function is expensive to compute,
+// and we want to log it only when necessary.
+func Errorfn(ctx context.Context, fn func() any) {
+	getLogger(ctx).Errorfn(fn)
+}
+
 // Errorv writes v into error log with json content.
 // No call stack attached, because not elegant to pack the messages.
 func Errorv(ctx context.Context, v any) {
@@ -83,6 +97,13 @@ func Infof(ctx context.Context, format string, v ...any) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Infof(format, v...)
 }
 
+// Infofn writes fn result into access log.
+// This is useful when the function is expensive to compute,
+// and we want to log it only when necessary.
+func Infofn(ctx context.Context, fn func() any) {
+	getLogger(ctx).Infofn(fn)
+}
+
 // Infov writes v into access log with json content.
 func Infov(ctx context.Context, v any) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Infov(v)
@@ -127,6 +148,13 @@ func Slowf(ctx context.Context, format string, v ...any) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Slowf(format, v...)
 }
 
+// Slowfn writes fn result into slow log.
+// This is useful when the function is expensive to compute,
+// and we want to log it only when necessary.
+func Slowfn(ctx context.Context, fn func() any) {
+	getLogger(ctx).Slowfn(fn)
+}
+
 // Slowv writes v into slow log with json content.
 func Slowv(ctx context.Context, v any) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Slowv(v)

core/logc/logs_test.go

@@ -49,6 +49,15 @@ func TestErrorf(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(buf.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)))
 }
 
+func TestErrorfn(t *testing.T) {
+	buf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
+	file, line := getFileLine()
+	Errorfn(context.Background(), func() any {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("foo %s", "bar")
+	})
+	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(buf.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)))
+}
+
 func TestErrorv(t *testing.T) {
 	buf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
 	file, line := getFileLine()
@@ -77,6 +86,15 @@ func TestInfof(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(buf.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)))
 }
 
+func TestInfofn(t *testing.T) {
+	buf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
+	file, line := getFileLine()
+	Infofn(context.Background(), func() any {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("foo %s", "bar")
+	})
+	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(buf.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)))
+}
+
 func TestInfov(t *testing.T) {
 	buf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
 	file, line := getFileLine()
@@ -105,6 +123,15 @@ func TestDebugf(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(buf.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)))
 }
 
+func TestDebugfn(t *testing.T) {
+	buf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
+	file, line := getFileLine()
+	Debugfn(context.Background(), func() any {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("foo %s", "bar")
+	})
+	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(buf.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)))
+}
+
 func TestDebugv(t *testing.T) {
 	buf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
 	file, line := getFileLine()
@@ -148,6 +175,15 @@ func TestSlowf(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(buf.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)), buf.String())
 }
 
+func TestSlowfn(t *testing.T) {
+	buf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
+	file, line := getFileLine()
+	Slowfn(context.Background(), func() any {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("foo %s", "bar")
+	})
+	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(buf.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)), buf.String())
+}
+
 func TestSlowv(t *testing.T) {
 	buf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
 	file, line := getFileLine()

core/logx/config.go

@@ -1,45 +1,70 @@
 package logx
 
-// A LogConf is a logging config.
-type LogConf struct {
-	// ServiceName represents the service name.
-	ServiceName string `json:",optional"`
-	// Mode represents the logging mode, default is `console`.
-	// console: log to console.
-	// file: log to file.
-	// volume: used in k8s, prepend the hostname to the log file name.
-	Mode string `json:",default=console,options=[console,file,volume]"`
-	// Encoding represents the encoding type, default is `json`.
-	// json: json encoding.
-	// plain: plain text encoding, typically used in development.
-	Encoding string `json:",default=json,options=[json,plain]"`
-	// TimeFormat represents the time format, default is `2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00`.
-	TimeFormat string `json:",optional"`
-	// Path represents the log file path, default is `logs`.
-	Path string `json:",default=logs"`
-	// Level represents the log level, default is `info`.
-	Level string `json:",default=info,options=[debug,info,error,severe]"`
-	// MaxContentLength represents the max content bytes, default is no limit.
-	MaxContentLength uint32 `json:",optional"`
-	// Compress represents whether to compress the log file, default is `false`.
-	Compress bool `json:",optional"`
-	// Stat represents whether to log statistics, default is `true`.
-	Stat bool `json:",default=true"`
-	// KeepDays represents how many days the log files will be kept. Default to keep all files.
-	// Only take effect when Mode is `file` or `volume`, both work when Rotation is `daily` or `size`.
-	KeepDays int `json:",optional"`
-	// StackCooldownMillis represents the cooldown time for stack logging, default is 100ms.
-	StackCooldownMillis int `json:",default=100"`
-	// MaxBackups represents how many backup log files will be kept. 0 means all files will be kept forever.
-	// Only take effect when RotationRuleType is `size`.
-	// Even though `MaxBackups` sets 0, log files will still be removed
-	// if the `KeepDays` limitation is reached.
-	MaxBackups int `json:",default=0"`
-	// MaxSize represents how much space the writing log file takes up. 0 means no limit. The unit is `MB`.
-	// Only take effect when RotationRuleType is `size`
-	MaxSize int `json:",default=0"`
-	// Rotation represents the type of log rotation rule. Default is `daily`.
-	// daily: daily rotation.
-	// size: size limited rotation.
-	Rotation string `json:",default=daily,options=[daily,size]"`
-}
+type (
+	// A LogConf is a logging config.
+	LogConf struct {
+		// ServiceName represents the service name.
+		ServiceName string `json:",optional"`
+		// Mode represents the logging mode, default is `console`.
+		// console: log to console.
+		// file: log to file.
+		// volume: used in k8s, prepend the hostname to the log file name.
+		Mode string `json:",default=console,options=[console,file,volume]"`
+		// Encoding represents the encoding type, default is `json`.
+		// json: json encoding.
+		// plain: plain text encoding, typically used in development.
+		Encoding string `json:",default=json,options=[json,plain]"`
+		// TimeFormat represents the time format, default is `2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00`.
+		TimeFormat string `json:",optional"`
+		// Path represents the log file path, default is `logs`.
+		Path string `json:",default=logs"`
+		// Level represents the log level, default is `info`.
+		Level string `json:",default=info,options=[debug,info,error,severe]"`
+		// MaxContentLength represents the max content bytes, default is no limit.
+		MaxContentLength uint32 `json:",optional"`
+		// Compress represents whether to compress the log file, default is `false`.
+		Compress bool `json:",optional"`
+		// Stat represents whether to log statistics, default is `true`.
+		Stat bool `json:",default=true"`
+		// KeepDays represents how many days the log files will be kept. Default to keep all files.
+		// Only take effect when Mode is `file` or `volume`, both work when Rotation is `daily` or `size`.
+		KeepDays int `json:",optional"`
+		// StackCooldownMillis represents the cooldown time for stack logging, default is 100ms.
+		StackCooldownMillis int `json:",default=100"`
+		// MaxBackups represents how many backup log files will be kept. 0 means all files will be kept forever.
+		// Only take effect when RotationRuleType is `size`.
+		// Even though `MaxBackups` sets 0, log files will still be removed
+		// if the `KeepDays` limitation is reached.
+		MaxBackups int `json:",default=0"`
+		// MaxSize represents how much space the writing log file takes up. 0 means no limit. The unit is `MB`.
+		// Only take effect when RotationRuleType is `size`
+		MaxSize int `json:",default=0"`
+		// Rotation represents the type of log rotation rule. Default is `daily`.
+		// daily: daily rotation.
+		// size: size limited rotation.
+		Rotation string `json:",default=daily,options=[daily,size]"`
+		// FileTimeFormat represents the time format for file name, default is `2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00`.
+		FileTimeFormat string `json:",optional"`
+		// FieldKeys represents the field keys.
+		FieldKeys fieldKeyConf `json:",optional"`
+	}
+
+	fieldKeyConf struct {
+		// CallerKey represents the caller key.
+		CallerKey string `json:",default=caller"`
+		// ContentKey represents the content key.
+		ContentKey string `json:",default=content"`
+		// DurationKey represents the duration key.
+		DurationKey string `json:",default=duration"`
+		// LevelKey represents the level key.
+		LevelKey string `json:",default=level"`
+		// SpanKey represents the span key.
+		SpanKey string `json:",default=span"`
+		// TimestampKey represents the timestamp key.
+		TimestampKey string `json:",default=@timestamp"`
+		// TraceKey represents the trace key.
+		TraceKey string `json:",default=trace"`
+		// TruncatedKey represents the truncated key.
+		TruncatedKey string `json:",default=truncated"`
+	}
+)

core/logx/fields.go

@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	fieldsContextKey contextKey
 	globalFields     atomic.Value
 	globalFieldsLock sync.Mutex
 )
 
-type contextKey struct{}
+type fieldsKey struct{}
 
 // AddGlobalFields adds global fields.
 func AddGlobalFields(fields ...LogField) {
@@ -29,16 +28,16 @@ func AddGlobalFields(fields ...LogField) {
 
 // ContextWithFields returns a new context with the given fields.
 func ContextWithFields(ctx context.Context, fields ...LogField) context.Context {
-	if val := ctx.Value(fieldsContextKey); val != nil {
+	if val := ctx.Value(fieldsKey{}); val != nil {
 		if arr, ok := val.([]LogField); ok {
 			allFields := make([]LogField, 0, len(arr)+len(fields))
 			allFields = append(allFields, arr...)
 			allFields = append(allFields, fields...)
-			return context.WithValue(ctx, fieldsContextKey, allFields)
+			return context.WithValue(ctx, fieldsKey{}, allFields)
 		}
 	}
 
-	return context.WithValue(ctx, fieldsContextKey, fields)
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, fieldsKey{}, fields)
 }
 
 // WithFields returns a new logger with the given fields.

core/logx/fields_test.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func TestAddGlobalFields(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextWithFields(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := ContextWithFields(context.Background(), Field("a", 1), Field("b", 2))
-	vals := ctx.Value(fieldsContextKey)
+	vals := ctx.Value(fieldsKey{})
 	assert.NotNil(t, vals)
 	fields, ok := vals.([]LogField)
 	assert.True(t, ok)
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func TestContextWithFields(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestWithFields(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := WithFields(context.Background(), Field("a", 1), Field("b", 2))
-	vals := ctx.Value(fieldsContextKey)
+	vals := ctx.Value(fieldsKey{})
 	assert.NotNil(t, vals)
 	fields, ok := vals.([]LogField)
 	assert.True(t, ok)
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func TestWithFieldsAppend(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), dummyKey, "dummy")
 	ctx = ContextWithFields(ctx, Field("a", 1), Field("b", 2))
 	ctx = ContextWithFields(ctx, Field("c", 3), Field("d", 4))
-	vals := ctx.Value(fieldsContextKey)
+	vals := ctx.Value(fieldsKey{})
 	assert.NotNil(t, vals)
 	fields, ok := vals.([]LogField)
 	assert.True(t, ok)
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ func TestWithFieldsAppendCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	ctxa := ContextWithFields(ctx, af)
 	ctxb := ContextWithFields(ctx, bf)
 
-	assert.EqualValues(t, af, ctxa.Value(fieldsContextKey).([]LogField)[count])
-	assert.EqualValues(t, bf, ctxb.Value(fieldsContextKey).([]LogField)[count])
+	assert.EqualValues(t, af, ctxa.Value(fieldsKey{}).([]LogField)[count])
+	assert.EqualValues(t, bf, ctxb.Value(fieldsKey{}).([]LogField)[count])
 }
 
 func BenchmarkAtomicValue(b *testing.B) {

core/logx/logger.go

@@ -7,18 +7,22 @@ import (
 
 // A Logger represents a logger.
 type Logger interface {
-	// Debug logs a message at info level.
+	// Debug logs a message at debug level.
 	Debug(...any)
-	// Debugf logs a message at info level.
+	// Debugf logs a message at debug level.
 	Debugf(string, ...any)
-	// Debugv logs a message at info level.
+	// Debugfn logs a message at debug level.
+	Debugfn(func() any)
+	// Debugv logs a message at debug level.
 	Debugv(any)
-	// Debugw logs a message at info level.
+	// Debugw logs a message at debug level.
 	Debugw(string, ...LogField)
 	// Error logs a message at error level.
 	Error(...any)
 	// Errorf logs a message at error level.
 	Errorf(string, ...any)
+	// Errorfn logs a message at error level.
+	Errorfn(func() any)
 	// Errorv logs a message at error level.
 	Errorv(any)
 	// Errorw logs a message at error level.
@@ -27,6 +31,8 @@ type Logger interface {
 	Info(...any)
 	// Infof logs a message at info level.
 	Infof(string, ...any)
+	// Infofn logs a message at info level.
+	Infofn(func() any)
 	// Infov logs a message at info level.
 	Infov(any)
 	// Infow logs a message at info level.
@@ -35,6 +41,8 @@ type Logger interface {
 	Slow(...any)
 	// Slowf logs a message at slow level.
 	Slowf(string, ...any)
+	// Slowfn logs a message at slow level.
+	Slowfn(func() any)
 	// Slowv logs a message at slow level.
 	Slowv(any)
 	// Sloww logs a message at slow level.

core/logx/logs.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"runtime/debug"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/sysx"
 )
@@ -52,6 +51,26 @@ type (
 	}
 )
 
+// AddWriter adds a new writer.
+// If there is already a writer, the new writer will be added to the writer chain.
+// For example, to write logs to both file and console, if there is already a file writer,
+// ```go
+// logx.AddWriter(logx.NewWriter(os.Stdout))
+// ```
+func AddWriter(w Writer) {
+	ow := Reset()
+	if ow == nil {
+		SetWriter(w)
+	} else {
+		// no need to check if the existing writer is a comboWriter,
+		// because it is not common to add more than one writer.
+		// even more than one writer, the behavior is the same.
+		SetWriter(comboWriter{
+			writers: []Writer{ow, w},
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 // Alert alerts v in alert level, and the message is written to error log.
 func Alert(v string) {
 	getWriter().Alert(v)
@@ -80,6 +99,14 @@ func Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Debugfn writes function result into access log if debug level enabled.
+// This is useful when the function is expensive to call and debug level disabled.
+func Debugfn(fn func() any) {
+	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
+		writeDebug(fn())
+	}
+}
+
 // Debugv writes v into access log with json content.
 func Debugv(v any) {
 	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
@@ -119,6 +146,13 @@ func Errorf(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Errorfn writes function result into error log.
+func Errorfn(fn func() any) {
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		writeError(fn())
+	}
+}
+
 // ErrorStack writes v along with call stack into error log.
 func ErrorStack(v ...any) {
 	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
@@ -152,39 +186,9 @@ func Errorw(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 
 // Field returns a LogField for the given key and value.
 func Field(key string, value any) LogField {
-	switch val := value.(type) {
-	case error:
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: encodeError(val)}
-	case []error:
-		var errs []string
-		for _, err := range val {
-			errs = append(errs, encodeError(err))
-		}
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: errs}
-	case time.Duration:
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: fmt.Sprint(val)}
-	case []time.Duration:
-		var durs []string
-		for _, dur := range val {
-			durs = append(durs, fmt.Sprint(dur))
-		}
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: durs}
-	case []time.Time:
-		var times []string
-		for _, t := range val {
-			times = append(times, fmt.Sprint(t))
-		}
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: times}
-	case fmt.Stringer:
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: encodeStringer(val)}
-	case []fmt.Stringer:
-		var strs []string
-		for _, str := range val {
-			strs = append(strs, encodeStringer(str))
-		}
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: strs}
-	default:
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: val}
+	return LogField{
+		Key:   key,
+		Value: value,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -202,6 +206,14 @@ func Infof(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Infofn writes function result into access log.
+// This is useful when the function is expensive to call and info level disabled.
+func Infofn(fn func() any) {
+	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
+		writeInfo(fn())
+	}
+}
+
 // Infov writes v into access log with json content.
 func Infov(v any) {
 	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
@@ -264,7 +276,8 @@ func SetUp(c LogConf) (err error) {
 	// Because multiple services in one process might call SetUp respectively.
 	// Need to wait for the first caller to complete the execution.
 	setupOnce.Do(func() {
-		setupLogLevel(c)
+		setupLogLevel(c.Level)
+		setupFieldKeys(c.FieldKeys)
 
 		if !c.Stat {
 			DisableStat()
@@ -274,6 +287,10 @@ func SetUp(c LogConf) (err error) {
 			timeFormat = c.TimeFormat
 		}
 
+		if len(c.FileTimeFormat) > 0 {
+			fileTimeFormat = c.FileTimeFormat
+		}
+
 		atomic.StoreUint32(&maxContentLength, c.MaxContentLength)
 
 		switch c.Encoding {
@@ -324,6 +341,14 @@ func Slowf(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Slowfn writes function result into slow log.
+// This is useful when the function is expensive to call and slow level disabled.
+func Slowfn(fn func() any) {
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		writeSlow(fn())
+	}
+}
+
 // Slowv writes v into slow log with json content.
 func Slowv(v any) {
 	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
@@ -456,8 +481,35 @@ func handleOptions(opts []LogOption) {
 	}
 }
 
-func setupLogLevel(c LogConf) {
-	switch c.Level {
+func setupFieldKeys(c fieldKeyConf) {
+	if len(c.CallerKey) > 0 {
+		callerKey = c.CallerKey
+	}
+	if len(c.ContentKey) > 0 {
+		contentKey = c.ContentKey
+	}
+	if len(c.DurationKey) > 0 {
+		durationKey = c.DurationKey
+	}
+	if len(c.LevelKey) > 0 {
+		levelKey = c.LevelKey
+	}
+	if len(c.SpanKey) > 0 {
+		spanKey = c.SpanKey
+	}
+	if len(c.TimestampKey) > 0 {
+		timestampKey = c.TimestampKey
+	}
+	if len(c.TraceKey) > 0 {
+		traceKey = c.TraceKey
+	}
+	if len(c.TruncatedKey) > 0 {
+		truncatedKey = c.TruncatedKey
+	}
+}
+
+func setupLogLevel(level string) {
+	switch level {
 	case levelDebug:
 		SetLevel(DebugLevel)
 	case levelInfo:
@@ -505,7 +557,7 @@ func shallLogStat() bool {
 // If we check shallLog here, the fmt.Sprint might be called even if the log level is not enabled.
 // The caller should check shallLog before calling this function.
 func writeDebug(val any, fields ...LogField) {
-	getWriter().Debug(val, addCaller(fields...)...)
+	getWriter().Debug(val, mergeGlobalFields(addCaller(fields...))...)
 }
 
 // writeError writes v into the error log.
@@ -513,7 +565,7 @@ func writeDebug(val any, fields ...LogField) {
 // If we check shallLog here, the fmt.Sprint might be called even if the log level is not enabled.
 // The caller should check shallLog before calling this function.
 func writeError(val any, fields ...LogField) {
-	getWriter().Error(val, addCaller(fields...)...)
+	getWriter().Error(val, mergeGlobalFields(addCaller(fields...))...)
 }
 
 // writeInfo writes v into info log.
@@ -521,7 +573,7 @@ func writeError(val any, fields ...LogField) {
 // If we check shallLog here, the fmt.Sprint might be called even if the log level is not enabled.
 // The caller should check shallLog before calling this function.
 func writeInfo(val any, fields ...LogField) {
-	getWriter().Info(val, addCaller(fields...)...)
+	getWriter().Info(val, mergeGlobalFields(addCaller(fields...))...)
 }
 
 // writeSevere writes v into severe log.
@@ -537,7 +589,7 @@ func writeSevere(msg string) {
 // If we check shallLog here, the fmt.Sprint might be called even if the log level is not enabled.
 // The caller should check shallLog before calling this function.
 func writeSlow(val any, fields ...LogField) {
-	getWriter().Slow(val, addCaller(fields...)...)
+	getWriter().Slow(val, mergeGlobalFields(addCaller(fields...))...)
 }
 
 // writeStack writes v into stack log.
@@ -553,5 +605,5 @@ func writeStack(msg string) {
 // If we check shallLog here, the fmt.Sprint might be called even if the log level is not enabled.
 // The caller should check shallLog before calling this function.
 func writeStat(msg string) {
-	getWriter().Stat(msg, addCaller()...)
+	getWriter().Stat(msg, mergeGlobalFields(addCaller())...)
 }

core/logx/logs_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package logx
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -248,6 +251,32 @@ func TestStructedLogDebugf(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestStructedLogDebugfn(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("debugfn with output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := new(mockWriter)
+		old := writer.Swap(w)
+		defer writer.Store(old)
+
+		doTestStructedLog(t, levelDebug, w, func(v ...any) {
+			Debugfn(func() any {
+				return fmt.Sprint(v...)
+			})
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("debugfn without output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := new(mockWriter)
+		old := writer.Swap(w)
+		defer writer.Store(old)
+
+		doTestStructedLogEmpty(t, w, InfoLevel, func(v ...any) {
+			Debugfn(func() any {
+				return fmt.Sprint(v...)
+			})
+		})
+	})
+}
+
 func TestStructedLogDebugv(t *testing.T) {
 	w := new(mockWriter)
 	old := writer.Swap(w)
@@ -288,6 +317,32 @@ func TestStructedLogErrorf(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestStructedLogErrorfn(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("errorfn with output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := new(mockWriter)
+		old := writer.Swap(w)
+		defer writer.Store(old)
+
+		doTestStructedLog(t, levelError, w, func(v ...any) {
+			Errorfn(func() any {
+				return fmt.Sprint(v...)
+			})
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("errorfn without output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := new(mockWriter)
+		old := writer.Swap(w)
+		defer writer.Store(old)
+
+		doTestStructedLogEmpty(t, w, SevereLevel, func(v ...any) {
+			Errorfn(func() any {
+				return fmt.Sprint(v...)
+			})
+		})
+	})
+}
+
 func TestStructedLogErrorv(t *testing.T) {
 	w := new(mockWriter)
 	old := writer.Swap(w)
@@ -328,6 +383,32 @@ func TestStructedLogInfof(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestStructedInfofn(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("infofn with output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := new(mockWriter)
+		old := writer.Swap(w)
+		defer writer.Store(old)
+
+		doTestStructedLog(t, levelInfo, w, func(v ...any) {
+			Infofn(func() any {
+				return fmt.Sprint(v...)
+			})
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("infofn without output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := new(mockWriter)
+		old := writer.Swap(w)
+		defer writer.Store(old)
+
+		doTestStructedLogEmpty(t, w, ErrorLevel, func(v ...any) {
+			Infofn(func() any {
+				return fmt.Sprint(v...)
+			})
+		})
+	})
+}
+
 func TestStructedLogInfov(t *testing.T) {
 	w := new(mockWriter)
 	old := writer.Swap(w)
@@ -451,6 +532,17 @@ func TestStructedLogInfoConsoleText(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestInfofnWithErrorLevel(t *testing.T) {
+	called := false
+	SetLevel(ErrorLevel)
+	defer SetLevel(DebugLevel)
+	Infofn(func() any {
+		called = true
+		return "info log"
+	})
+	assert.False(t, called)
+}
+
 func TestStructedLogSlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := new(mockWriter)
 	old := writer.Swap(w)
@@ -471,6 +563,32 @@ func TestStructedLogSlowf(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestStructedLogSlowfn(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("slowfn with output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := new(mockWriter)
+		old := writer.Swap(w)
+		defer writer.Store(old)
+
+		doTestStructedLog(t, levelSlow, w, func(v ...any) {
+			Slowfn(func() any {
+				return fmt.Sprint(v...)
+			})
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slowfn without output", func(t *testing.T) {
+		w := new(mockWriter)
+		old := writer.Swap(w)
+		defer writer.Store(old)
+
+		doTestStructedLogEmpty(t, w, SevereLevel, func(v ...any) {
+			Slowfn(func() any {
+				return fmt.Sprint(v...)
+			})
+		})
+	})
+}
+
 func TestStructedLogSlowv(t *testing.T) {
 	w := new(mockWriter)
 	old := writer.Swap(w)
@@ -661,15 +779,9 @@ func TestSetup(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxBackups:  3,
 		MaxSize:     1024 * 1024,
 	}))
-	setupLogLevel(LogConf{
-		Level: levelInfo,
-	})
-	setupLogLevel(LogConf{
-		Level: levelError,
-	})
-	setupLogLevel(LogConf{
-		Level: levelSevere,
-	})
+	setupLogLevel(levelInfo)
+	setupLogLevel(levelError)
+	setupLogLevel(levelSevere)
 	_, err := createOutput("")
 	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 	Disable()
@@ -679,6 +791,10 @@ func TestSetup(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDisable(t *testing.T) {
 	Disable()
+	defer func() {
+		SetLevel(InfoLevel)
+		atomic.StoreUint32(&encoding, jsonEncodingType)
+	}()
 
 	var opt logOptions
 	WithKeepDays(1)(&opt)
@@ -701,6 +817,17 @@ func TestDisableStat(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.builder.Len())
 }
 
+func TestAddWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	const message = "hello there"
+	w := new(mockWriter)
+	AddWriter(w)
+	w1 := new(mockWriter)
+	AddWriter(w1)
+	Error(message)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.String(), message)
+	assert.Contains(t, w1.String(), message)
+}
+
 func TestSetWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	atomic.StoreUint32(&logLevel, 0)
 	Reset()
@@ -726,6 +853,95 @@ func TestWithKeepDays(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, opt.keepDays)
 }
 
+func TestWithField_LogLevel(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		level uint32
+		fn    func(string, ...LogField)
+		count int32
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "debug/info",
+			level: DebugLevel,
+			fn:    Infow,
+			count: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "info/error",
+			level: InfoLevel,
+			fn:    Errorw,
+			count: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "info/info",
+			level: InfoLevel,
+			fn:    Infow,
+			count: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "info/severe",
+			level: InfoLevel,
+			fn:    Errorw,
+			count: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "error/info",
+			level: ErrorLevel,
+			fn:    Infow,
+			count: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "error/debug",
+			level: ErrorLevel,
+			fn:    Debugw,
+			count: 0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			olevel := atomic.LoadUint32(&logLevel)
+			SetLevel(tt.level)
+			defer SetLevel(olevel)
+
+			var val countingStringer
+			tt.fn("hello there", Field("foo", &val))
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.count, val.Count())
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithField_LogLevelWithContext(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("context more than once with info/info", func(t *testing.T) {
+		olevel := atomic.LoadUint32(&logLevel)
+		SetLevel(InfoLevel)
+		defer SetLevel(olevel)
+
+		var val countingStringer
+		ctx := ContextWithFields(context.Background(), Field("foo", &val))
+		logger := WithContext(ctx)
+		logger.Info("hello there")
+		logger.Info("hello there")
+		logger.Info("hello there")
+		assert.True(t, val.Count() > 0)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("context more than once with error/info", func(t *testing.T) {
+		olevel := atomic.LoadUint32(&logLevel)
+		SetLevel(ErrorLevel)
+		defer SetLevel(olevel)
+
+		var val countingStringer
+		ctx := ContextWithFields(context.Background(), Field("foo", &val))
+		logger := WithContext(ctx)
+		logger.Info("hello there")
+		logger.Info("hello there")
+		logger.Info("hello there")
+		assert.Equal(t, int32(0), val.Count())
+	})
+}
+
 func BenchmarkCopyByteSliceAppend(b *testing.B) {
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		var buf []byte
@@ -832,15 +1048,26 @@ func doTestStructedLogConsole(t *testing.T, w *mockWriter, write func(...any)) {
 	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(w.String(), message))
 }
 
+func doTestStructedLogEmpty(t *testing.T, w *mockWriter, level uint32, write func(...any)) {
+	olevel := atomic.LoadUint32(&logLevel)
+	SetLevel(level)
+	defer SetLevel(olevel)
+
+	const message = "hello there"
+	write(message)
+	assert.Empty(t, w.String())
+}
+
 func testSetLevelTwiceWithMode(t *testing.T, mode string, w *mockWriter) {
 	writer.Store(nil)
 	SetUp(LogConf{
-		Mode:       mode,
-		Level:      "debug",
-		Path:       "/dev/null",
-		Encoding:   plainEncoding,
-		Stat:       false,
-		TimeFormat: time.RFC3339,
+		Mode:           mode,
+		Level:          "debug",
+		Path:           "/dev/null",
+		Encoding:       plainEncoding,
+		Stat:           false,
+		TimeFormat:     time.RFC3339,
+		FileTimeFormat: time.DateTime,
 	})
 	SetUp(LogConf{
 		Mode:  mode,
@@ -913,3 +1140,79 @@ type panicStringer struct {
 func (s panicStringer) String() string {
 	panic("panic")
 }
+
+type countingStringer struct {
+	count int32
+}
+
+func (s *countingStringer) Count() int32 {
+	return atomic.LoadInt32(&s.count)
+}
+
+func (s *countingStringer) String() string {
+	atomic.AddInt32(&s.count, 1)
+	return "countingStringer"
+}
+
+func TestLogKey(t *testing.T) {
+	setupOnce = sync.Once{}
+	MustSetup(LogConf{
+		ServiceName: "any",
+		Mode:        "console",
+		Encoding:    "json",
+		TimeFormat:  timeFormat,
+		FieldKeys: fieldKeyConf{
+			CallerKey:    "_caller",
+			ContentKey:   "_content",
+			DurationKey:  "_duration",
+			LevelKey:     "_level",
+			SpanKey:      "_span",
+			TimestampKey: "_timestamp",
+			TraceKey:     "_trace",
+			TruncatedKey: "_truncated",
+		},
+	})
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		setupFieldKeys(fieldKeyConf{
+			CallerKey:    defaultCallerKey,
+			ContentKey:   defaultContentKey,
+			DurationKey:  defaultDurationKey,
+			LevelKey:     defaultLevelKey,
+			SpanKey:      defaultSpanKey,
+			TimestampKey: defaultTimestampKey,
+			TraceKey:     defaultTraceKey,
+			TruncatedKey: defaultTruncatedKey,
+		})
+	})
+
+	const message = "hello there"
+	w := new(mockWriter)
+	old := writer.Swap(w)
+	defer writer.Store(old)
+
+	otp := otel.GetTracerProvider()
+	tp := trace.NewTracerProvider(trace.WithSampler(trace.AlwaysSample()))
+	otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)
+	defer otel.SetTracerProvider(otp)
+
+	ctx, span := tp.Tracer("trace-id").Start(context.Background(), "span-id")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	WithContext(ctx).WithDuration(time.Second).Info(message)
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	var m map[string]string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(w.String()), &m); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "info", m["_level"])
+	assert.Equal(t, message, m["_content"])
+	assert.Equal(t, "1000.0ms", m["_duration"])
+	assert.Regexp(t, `logx/logs_test.go:\d+`, m["_caller"])
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, m["_trace"])
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, m["_span"])
+	parsedTime, err := time.Parse(timeFormat, m["_timestamp"])
+	assert.True(t, err == nil)
+	assert.Equal(t, now.Minute(), parsedTime.Minute())
+}

core/logx/richlogger.go

@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ func (l *richLogger) Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (l *richLogger) Debugfn(fn func() any) {
+	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
+		l.debug(fn())
+	}
+}
+
 func (l *richLogger) Debugv(v any) {
 	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
 		l.debug(v)
@@ -76,6 +82,12 @@ func (l *richLogger) Errorf(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (l *richLogger) Errorfn(fn func() any) {
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.err(fn())
+	}
+}
+
 func (l *richLogger) Errorv(v any) {
 	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
 		l.err(v)
@@ -100,6 +112,12 @@ func (l *richLogger) Infof(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (l *richLogger) Infofn(fn func() any) {
+	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
+		l.info(fn())
+	}
+}
+
 func (l *richLogger) Infov(v any) {
 	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
 		l.info(v)
@@ -124,6 +142,12 @@ func (l *richLogger) Slowf(format string, v ...any) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (l *richLogger) Slowfn(fn func() any) {
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.slow(fn())
+	}
+}
+
 func (l *richLogger) Slowv(v any) {
 	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
 		l.slow(v)
@@ -141,28 +165,50 @@ func (l *richLogger) WithCallerSkip(skip int) Logger {
 		return l
 	}
 
-	l.callerSkip = skip
-	return l
+	return &richLogger{
+		ctx:        l.ctx,
+		callerSkip: skip,
+		fields:     l.fields,
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) WithContext(ctx context.Context) Logger {
-	l.ctx = ctx
-	return l
+	return &richLogger{
+		ctx:        ctx,
+		callerSkip: l.callerSkip,
+		fields:     l.fields,
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) WithDuration(duration time.Duration) Logger {
-	l.fields = append(l.fields, Field(durationKey, timex.ReprOfDuration(duration)))
-	return l
+	fields := append(l.fields, Field(durationKey, timex.ReprOfDuration(duration)))
+
+	return &richLogger{
+		ctx:        l.ctx,
+		callerSkip: l.callerSkip,
+		fields:     fields,
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) WithFields(fields ...LogField) Logger {
-	l.fields = append(l.fields, fields...)
-	return l
+	if len(fields) == 0 {
+		return l
+	}
+
+	f := append(l.fields, fields...)
+
+	return &richLogger{
+		ctx:        l.ctx,
+		callerSkip: l.callerSkip,
+		fields:     f,
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) buildFields(fields ...LogField) []LogField {
 	fields = append(l.fields, fields...)
+	// caller field should always appear together with global fields
 	fields = append(fields, Field(callerKey, getCaller(callerDepth+l.callerSkip)))
+	fields = mergeGlobalFields(fields)
 
 	if l.ctx == nil {
 		return fields
@@ -178,7 +224,7 @@ func (l *richLogger) buildFields(fields ...LogField) []LogField {
 		fields = append(fields, Field(spanKey, spanID))
 	}
 
-	val := l.ctx.Value(fieldsContextKey)
+	val := l.ctx.Value(fieldsKey{})
 	if val != nil {
 		if arr, ok := val.([]LogField); ok {
 			fields = append(fields, arr...)

core/logx/richlogger_test.go

@@ -63,6 +63,11 @@ func TestTraceDebug(t *testing.T) {
 	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Debugf(testlog)
 	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
 	w.Reset()
+	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Debugfn(func() any {
+		return testlog
+	})
+	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
+	w.Reset()
 	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Debugv(testlog)
 	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
 	w.Reset()
@@ -103,6 +108,11 @@ func TestTraceError(t *testing.T) {
 	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Errorf(testlog)
 	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
 	w.Reset()
+	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Errorfn(func() any {
+		return testlog
+	})
+	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
+	w.Reset()
 	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Errorv(testlog)
 	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
 	w.Reset()
@@ -140,6 +150,11 @@ func TestTraceInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Infof(testlog)
 	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
 	w.Reset()
+	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Infofn(func() any {
+		return testlog
+	})
+	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
+	w.Reset()
 	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Infov(testlog)
 	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
 	w.Reset()
@@ -213,6 +228,11 @@ func TestTraceSlow(t *testing.T) {
 	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Slowf(testlog)
 	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
 	w.Reset()
+	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Slowfn(func() any {
+		return testlog
+	})
+	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
+	w.Reset()
 	l.WithDuration(time.Second).Slowv(testlog)
 	validate(t, w.String(), true, true)
 	w.Reset()
@@ -287,6 +307,54 @@ func TestLogWithCallerSkip(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, w.Contains(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)))
 }
 
+func TestLogWithCallerSkipCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	log1 := WithCallerSkip(2)
+	log2 := log1.WithCallerSkip(3)
+	log3 := log2.WithCallerSkip(-1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, log1.(*richLogger).callerSkip)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, log2.(*richLogger).callerSkip)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, log3.(*richLogger).callerSkip)
+}
+
+func TestLogWithContextCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	c1 := context.Background()
+	c2 := context.WithValue(context.Background(), "foo", "bar")
+	log1 := WithContext(c1)
+	log2 := log1.WithContext(c2)
+	assert.Equal(t, c1, log1.(*richLogger).ctx)
+	assert.Equal(t, c2, log2.(*richLogger).ctx)
+}
+
+func TestLogWithDurationCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	log1 := WithContext(context.Background())
+	log2 := log1.WithDuration(time.Second)
+	assert.Empty(t, log1.(*richLogger).fields)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(log2.(*richLogger).fields))
+
+	var w mockWriter
+	old := writer.Swap(&w)
+	defer writer.Store(old)
+	log2.Info("hello")
+	assert.Contains(t, w.String(), `"duration":"1000.0ms"`)
+}
+
+func TestLogWithFieldsCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	log1 := WithContext(context.Background())
+	log2 := log1.WithFields(Field("foo", "bar"))
+	log3 := log1.WithFields()
+	assert.Empty(t, log1.(*richLogger).fields)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(log2.(*richLogger).fields))
+	assert.Equal(t, log1, log3)
+	assert.Empty(t, log3.(*richLogger).fields)
+
+	var w mockWriter
+	old := writer.Swap(&w)
+	defer writer.Store(old)
+
+	log2.Info("hello")
+	assert.Contains(t, w.String(), `"foo":"bar"`)
+}
+
 func TestLoggerWithFields(t *testing.T) {
 	w := new(mockWriter)
 	old := writer.Swap(w)
@@ -355,3 +423,49 @@ type mockValue struct {
 	Foo     string `json:"foo"`
 	Content any    `json:"content"`
 }
+
+type testJson struct {
+	Name  string  `json:"name"`
+	Age   int     `json:"age"`
+	Score float64 `json:"score"`
+}
+
+func (t testJson) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type testJsonImpl testJson
+	return json.Marshal(testJsonImpl(t))
+}
+
+func (t testJson) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %d %f", t.Name, t.Age, t.Score)
+}
+
+func TestLogWithJson(t *testing.T) {
+	w := new(mockWriter)
+	old := writer.Swap(w)
+	writer.lock.RLock()
+	defer func() {
+		writer.lock.RUnlock()
+		writer.Store(old)
+	}()
+
+	l := WithContext(context.Background()).WithFields(Field("bar", testJson{
+		Name:  "foo",
+		Age:   1,
+		Score: 1.0,
+	}))
+	l.Info(testlog)
+
+	type mockValue2 struct {
+		mockValue
+		Bar testJson `json:"bar"`
+	}
+
+	var val mockValue2
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(w.String()), &val)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, testlog, val.Content)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", val.Bar.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, val.Bar.Age)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1.0, val.Bar.Score)
+}

core/logx/rotatelogger.go

@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	dateFormat      = "2006-01-02"
-	fileTimeFormat  = time.RFC3339
 	hoursPerDay     = 24
 	bufferSize      = 100
 	defaultDirMode  = 0o755
@@ -28,8 +26,12 @@ const (
 	megaBytes       = 1 << 20
 )
 
-// ErrLogFileClosed is an error that indicates the log file is already closed.
-var ErrLogFileClosed = errors.New("error: log file closed")
+var (
+	// ErrLogFileClosed is an error that indicates the log file is already closed.
+	ErrLogFileClosed = errors.New("error: log file closed")
+
+	fileTimeFormat = time.RFC3339
+)
 
 type (
 	// A RotateRule interface is used to define the log rotating rules.
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ type (
 		gzip        bool
 	}
 
-	// SizeLimitRotateRule a rotation rule that make the log file rotated base on size
+	// SizeLimitRotateRule a rotation rule that makes the log file rotated based on size
 	SizeLimitRotateRule struct {
 		DailyRotateRule
 		maxSize    int64
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ func (r *DailyRotateRule) OutdatedFiles() []string {
 	}
 
 	var buf strings.Builder
-	boundary := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay*r.days)).Format(dateFormat)
+	boundary := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay*r.days)).Format(time.DateOnly)
 	buf.WriteString(r.filename)
 	buf.WriteString(r.delimiter)
 	buf.WriteString(boundary)
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ func (r *SizeLimitRotateRule) OutdatedFiles() []string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	var result []string
+	result := make([]string, 0, len(outdated))
 	for k := range outdated {
 		result = append(result, k)
 	}
@@ -422,7 +424,7 @@ func compressLogFile(file string) {
 }
 
 func getNowDate() string {
-	return time.Now().Format(dateFormat)
+	return time.Now().Format(time.DateOnly)
 }
 
 func getNowDateInRFC3339Format() string {

core/logx/rotatelogger_test.go

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func TestDailyRotateRuleOutdatedFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("temp files", func(t *testing.T) {
-		boundary := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(dateFormat)
+		boundary := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(time.DateOnly)
 		f1, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), "go-zero-test-"+boundary)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		_ = f1.Close()
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TestDailyRotateRuleOutdatedFiles(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDailyRotateRuleShallRotate(t *testing.T) {
 	var rule DailyRotateRule
-	rule.rotatedTime = time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 24).Format(dateFormat)
+	rule.rotatedTime = time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 24).Format(time.DateOnly)
 	assert.True(t, rule.ShallRotate(0))
 }
 
@@ -117,12 +117,12 @@ func TestSizeLimitRotateRuleOutdatedFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("temp files", func(t *testing.T) {
-		boundary := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(dateFormat)
+		boundary := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(time.DateOnly)
 		f1, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), "go-zero-test-"+boundary)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		f2, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), "go-zero-test-"+boundary)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		boundary1 := time.Now().Add(time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(dateFormat)
+		boundary1 := time.Now().Add(time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(time.DateOnly)
 		f3, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), "go-zero-test-"+boundary1)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		t.Cleanup(func() {
@@ -144,12 +144,12 @@ func TestSizeLimitRotateRuleOutdatedFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("no backups", func(t *testing.T) {
-		boundary := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(dateFormat)
+		boundary := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(time.DateOnly)
 		f1, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), "go-zero-test-"+boundary)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		f2, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), "go-zero-test-"+boundary)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		boundary1 := time.Now().Add(time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(dateFormat)
+		boundary1 := time.Now().Add(time.Hour * time.Duration(hoursPerDay) * 2).Format(time.DateOnly)
 		f3, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), "go-zero-test-"+boundary1)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		t.Cleanup(func() {
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ func TestRotateLoggerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// the following write calls cannot be changed to Write, because of DATA RACE.
 	logger.write([]byte(`foo`))
-	rule.rotatedTime = time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * 24).Format(dateFormat)
+	rule.rotatedTime = time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * 24).Format(time.DateOnly)
 	logger.write([]byte(`bar`))
 	logger.Close()
 	logger.write([]byte(`baz`))
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ func TestRotateLoggerWithSizeLimitRotateRuleWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// the following write calls cannot be changed to Write, because of DATA RACE.
 	logger.write([]byte(`foo`))
-	rule.rotatedTime = time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * 24).Format(dateFormat)
+	rule.rotatedTime = time.Now().Add(-time.Hour * 24).Format(time.DateOnly)
 	logger.write([]byte(`bar`))
 	logger.Close()
 	logger.write([]byte(`baz`))

core/logx/sensitive.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package logx
+
+// Sensitive is an interface that defines a method for masking sensitive information in logs.
+// It is typically implemented by types that contain sensitive data,
+// such as passwords or personal information.
+// Infov, Errorv, Debugv, and Slowv methods will call this method to mask sensitive data.
+// The values in LogField will also be masked if they implement the Sensitive interface.
+type Sensitive interface {
+	// MaskSensitive masks sensitive information in the log.
+	MaskSensitive() any
+}
+
+// maskSensitive returns the value returned by MaskSensitive method,
+// if the value implements Sensitive interface.
+func maskSensitive(v any) any {
+	if s, ok := v.(Sensitive); ok {
+		return s.MaskSensitive()
+	}
+
+	return v
+}

core/logx/sensitive_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package logx
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+const maskedContent = "******"
+
+type User struct {
+	Name string
+	Pass string
+}
+
+func (u User) MaskSensitive() any {
+	return User{
+		Name: u.Name,
+		Pass: maskedContent,
+	}
+}
+
+type NonSensitiveUser struct {
+	Name string
+	Pass string
+}
+
+func TestMaskSensitive(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("sensitive", func(t *testing.T) {
+		user := User{
+			Name: "kevin",
+			Pass: "123",
+		}
+
+		mu := maskSensitive(user)
+		assert.Equal(t, user.Name, mu.(User).Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, maskedContent, mu.(User).Pass)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non-sensitive", func(t *testing.T) {
+		user := NonSensitiveUser{
+			Name: "kevin",
+			Pass: "123",
+		}
+
+		mu := maskSensitive(user)
+		assert.Equal(t, user.Name, mu.(NonSensitiveUser).Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, user.Pass, mu.(NonSensitiveUser).Pass)
+	})
+}

core/logx/vars.go

@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ const (
 )
 
 const (
-	callerKey    = "caller"
-	contentKey   = "content"
-	durationKey  = "duration"
-	levelKey     = "level"
-	spanKey      = "span"
-	timestampKey = "@timestamp"
-	traceKey     = "trace"
-	truncatedKey = "truncated"
+	defaultCallerKey    = "caller"
+	defaultContentKey   = "content"
+	defaultDurationKey  = "duration"
+	defaultLevelKey     = "level"
+	defaultSpanKey      = "span"
+	defaultTimestampKey = "@timestamp"
+	defaultTraceKey     = "trace"
+	defaultTruncatedKey = "truncated"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -73,3 +73,14 @@ var (
 
 	truncatedField = Field(truncatedKey, true)
 )
+
+var (
+	callerKey    = defaultCallerKey
+	contentKey   = defaultContentKey
+	durationKey  = defaultDurationKey
+	levelKey     = defaultLevelKey
+	spanKey      = defaultSpanKey
+	timestampKey = defaultTimestampKey
+	traceKey     = defaultTraceKey
+	truncatedKey = defaultTruncatedKey
+)

core/logx/writer.go

@@ -10,21 +10,35 @@ import (
 	"runtime/debug"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
 
 	fatihcolor "github.com/fatih/color"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/color"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/errorx"
 )
 
 type (
+	// Writer is the interface for writing logs.
+	// It's designed to let users customize their own log writer,
+	// such as writing logs to a kafka, a database, or using third-party loggers.
 	Writer interface {
+		// Alert sends an alert message, if your writer implemented alerting functionality.
 		Alert(v any)
+		// Close closes the writer.
 		Close() error
+		// Debug logs a message at debug level.
 		Debug(v any, fields ...LogField)
+		// Error logs a message at error level.
 		Error(v any, fields ...LogField)
+		// Info logs a message at info level.
 		Info(v any, fields ...LogField)
+		// Severe logs a message at severe level.
 		Severe(v any)
+		// Slow logs a message at slow level.
 		Slow(v any, fields ...LogField)
+		// Stack logs a message at error level.
 		Stack(v any)
+		// Stat logs a message at stat level.
 		Stat(v any, fields ...LogField)
 	}
 
@@ -33,6 +47,10 @@ type (
 		lock   sync.RWMutex
 	}
 
+	comboWriter struct {
+		writers []Writer
+	}
+
 	concreteWriter struct {
 		infoLog   io.WriteCloser
 		errorLog  io.WriteCloser
@@ -88,6 +106,62 @@ func (w *atomicWriter) Swap(v Writer) Writer {
 	return old
 }
 
+func (c comboWriter) Alert(v any) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Alert(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Close() error {
+	var be errorx.BatchError
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		be.Add(w.Close())
+	}
+	return be.Err()
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Debug(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Debug(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Error(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Error(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Info(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Info(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Severe(v any) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Severe(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Slow(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Slow(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Stack(v any) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Stack(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Stat(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Stat(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
 func newConsoleWriter() Writer {
 	outLog := newLogWriter(log.New(fatihcolor.Output, "", flags))
 	errLog := newLogWriter(log.New(fatihcolor.Error, "", flags))
@@ -138,7 +212,6 @@ func newFileWriter(c LogConf) (Writer, error) {
 	statFile := path.Join(c.Path, statFilename)
 
 	handleOptions(opts)
-	setupLogLevel(c)
 
 	if infoLog, err = createOutput(accessFile); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -263,20 +336,6 @@ func buildPlainFields(fields logEntry) []string {
 	return items
 }
 
-func combineGlobalFields(fields []LogField) []LogField {
-	globals := globalFields.Load()
-	if globals == nil {
-		return fields
-	}
-
-	gf := globals.([]LogField)
-	ret := make([]LogField, 0, len(gf)+len(fields))
-	ret = append(ret, gf...)
-	ret = append(ret, fields...)
-
-	return ret
-}
-
 func marshalJson(t interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	encoder := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
@@ -291,21 +350,40 @@ func marshalJson(t interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
 	return buf.Bytes(), err
 }
 
+func mergeGlobalFields(fields []LogField) []LogField {
+	globals := globalFields.Load()
+	if globals == nil {
+		return fields
+	}
+
+	gf := globals.([]LogField)
+	ret := make([]LogField, 0, len(gf)+len(fields))
+	ret = append(ret, gf...)
+	ret = append(ret, fields...)
+
+	return ret
+}
+
 func output(writer io.Writer, level string, val any, fields ...LogField) {
-	// only truncate string content, don't know how to truncate the values of other types.
-	if v, ok := val.(string); ok {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case string:
+		// only truncate string content, don't know how to truncate the values of other types.
 		maxLen := atomic.LoadUint32(&maxContentLength)
 		if maxLen > 0 && len(v) > int(maxLen) {
 			val = v[:maxLen]
 			fields = append(fields, truncatedField)
 		}
+	case Sensitive:
+		val = v.MaskSensitive()
 	}
 
-	fields = combineGlobalFields(fields)
 	// +3 for timestamp, level and content
 	entry := make(logEntry, len(fields)+3)
 	for _, field := range fields {
-		entry[field.Key] = field.Value
+		// mask sensitive data before processing types,
+		// in case field.Value is a sensitive type and also implemented fmt.Stringer.
+		mval := maskSensitive(field.Value)
+		entry[field.Key] = processFieldValue(mval)
 	}
 
 	switch atomic.LoadUint32(&encoding) {
@@ -320,6 +398,45 @@ func output(writer io.Writer, level string, val any, fields ...LogField) {
 	}
 }
 
+func processFieldValue(value any) any {
+	switch val := value.(type) {
+	case error:
+		return encodeError(val)
+	case []error:
+		var errs []string
+		for _, err := range val {
+			errs = append(errs, encodeError(err))
+		}
+		return errs
+	case time.Duration:
+		return fmt.Sprint(val)
+	case []time.Duration:
+		var durs []string
+		for _, dur := range val {
+			durs = append(durs, fmt.Sprint(dur))
+		}
+		return durs
+	case []time.Time:
+		var times []string
+		for _, t := range val {
+			times = append(times, fmt.Sprint(t))
+		}
+		return times
+	case json.Marshaler:
+		return val
+	case fmt.Stringer:
+		return encodeStringer(val)
+	case []fmt.Stringer:
+		var strs []string
+		for _, str := range val {
+			strs = append(strs, encodeStringer(str))
+		}
+		return strs
+	default:
+		return val
+	}
+}
+
 func wrapLevelWithColor(level string) string {
 	var colour color.Color
 	switch level {

core/logx/writer_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
 )
 
 func TestNewWriter(t *testing.T) {
@@ -224,6 +225,48 @@ func TestWritePlainDuplicate(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "second=c")
 }
 
+func TestLogWithSensitive(t *testing.T) {
+	old := atomic.SwapUint32(&encoding, plainEncodingType)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		atomic.StoreUint32(&encoding, old)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("sensitive", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		output(&buf, levelInfo, User{
+			Name: "kevin",
+			Pass: "123",
+		}, LogField{
+			Key:   "first",
+			Value: "a",
+		}, LogField{
+			Key:   "first",
+			Value: "b",
+		})
+		assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), maskedContent)
+		assert.NotContains(t, buf.String(), "first=a")
+		assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "first=b")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("sensitive fields", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		output(&buf, levelInfo, "foo", LogField{
+			Key: "first",
+			Value: User{
+				Name: "kevin",
+				Pass: "123",
+			},
+		}, LogField{
+			Key:   "second",
+			Value: "b",
+		})
+		assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "foo")
+		assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "first")
+		assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), maskedContent)
+		assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "second=b")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestLogWithLimitContentLength(t *testing.T) {
 	maxLen := atomic.LoadUint32(&maxContentLength)
 	atomic.StoreUint32(&maxContentLength, 10)
@@ -254,6 +297,117 @@ func TestLogWithLimitContentLength(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestComboWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	var mockWriters []Writer
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		mockWriters = append(mockWriters, new(tracedWriter))
+	}
+
+	cw := comboWriter{
+		writers: mockWriters,
+	}
+
+	t.Run("Alert", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Alert", "test alert").Once()
+		}
+		cw.Alert("test alert")
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Alert", "test alert")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Close", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i := range cw.writers {
+			if i == 1 {
+				cw.writers[i].(*tracedWriter).On("Close").Return(errors.New("error")).Once()
+			} else {
+				cw.writers[i].(*tracedWriter).On("Close").Return(nil).Once()
+			}
+		}
+		err := cw.Close()
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Close")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Debug", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Debug", "test debug", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Debug("test debug", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Debug", "test debug", fields)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Error", "test error", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Error("test error", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Error", "test error", fields)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Info", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Info", "test info", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Info("test info", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Info", "test info", fields)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Severe", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Severe", "test severe").Once()
+		}
+		cw.Severe("test severe")
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Severe", "test severe")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Slow", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Slow", "test slow", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Slow("test slow", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Slow", "test slow", fields)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Stack", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Stack", "test stack").Once()
+		}
+		cw.Stack("test stack")
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Stack", "test stack")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Stat", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Stat", "test stat", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Stat("test stat", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Stat", "test stat", fields)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 type mockedEntry struct {
 	Level     string `json:"level"`
 	Content   string `json:"content"`
@@ -285,3 +439,44 @@ type hardToWriteWriter struct{}
 func (h hardToWriteWriter) Write(_ []byte) (_ int, _ error) {
 	return 0, errors.New("write error")
 }
+
+type tracedWriter struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Alert(v any) {
+	w.Called(v)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Close() error {
+	args := w.Called()
+	return args.Error(0)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Debug(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Error(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Info(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Severe(v any) {
+	w.Called(v)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Slow(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Stack(v any) {
+	w.Called(v)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Stat(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}

core/mapping/marshaler.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package mapping
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -13,6 +14,15 @@ const (
 
 // Marshal marshals the given val and returns the map that contains the fields.
 // optional=another is not implemented, and it's hard to implement and not commonly used.
+// support anonymous field, e.g.:
+//
+//	type Foo struct {
+//		Token string `header:"token"`
+//	}
+//	type FooB struct {
+//		Foo
+//		Bar string  `json:"bar"`
+//	}
 func Marshal(val any) (map[string]map[string]any, error) {
 	ret := make(map[string]map[string]any)
 	tp := reflect.TypeOf(val)
@@ -44,6 +54,16 @@ func getTag(field reflect.StructField) (string, bool) {
 	return strings.TrimSpace(tag), false
 }
 
+func insertValue(collector map[string]map[string]any, tag string, key string, val any) {
+	if m, ok := collector[tag]; ok {
+		m[key] = val
+	} else {
+		collector[tag] = map[string]any{
+			key: val,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func processMember(field reflect.StructField, value reflect.Value,
 	collector map[string]map[string]any) error {
 	var key string
@@ -69,15 +89,20 @@ func processMember(field reflect.StructField, value reflect.Value,
 		val = fmt.Sprint(val)
 	}
 
-	m, ok := collector[tag]
-	if ok {
-		m[key] = val
-	} else {
-		m = map[string]any{
-			key: val,
+	if field.Anonymous {
+		anonCollector, err := Marshal(val)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
+
+		for anonTag, anonMap := range anonCollector {
+			for anonKey, anonVal := range anonMap {
+				insertValue(collector, anonTag, anonKey, anonVal)
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		insertValue(collector, tag, key, val)
 	}
-	collector[tag] = m
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -118,7 +143,7 @@ func validateOptional(field reflect.StructField, value reflect.Value) error {
 		if value.IsNil() {
 			return fmt.Errorf("field %q is nil", field.Name)
 		}
-	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice, reflect.Map:
+	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Map:
 		if value.IsNil() || value.Len() == 0 {
 			return fmt.Errorf("field %q is empty", field.Name)
 		}
@@ -128,15 +153,8 @@ func validateOptional(field reflect.StructField, value reflect.Value) error {
 }
 
 func validateOptions(value reflect.Value, opt *fieldOptions) error {
-	var found bool
 	val := fmt.Sprint(value.Interface())
-	for i := range opt.Options {
-		if opt.Options[i] == val {
-			found = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if !found {
+	if !slices.Contains(opt.Options, val) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("field %q not in options", val)
 	}
 

core/mapping/marshaler_test.go

@@ -27,6 +27,124 @@ func TestMarshal(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, m[emptyTag]["Anonymous"].(bool))
 }
 
+func TestMarshal_Anonymous(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("anonymous", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type BaseHeader struct {
+			Token string `header:"token"`
+		}
+		v := struct {
+			Name    string `json:"name"`
+			Address string `json:"address,options=[beijing,shanghai]"`
+			Age     int    `json:"age"`
+			BaseHeader
+		}{
+			Name:    "kevin",
+			Address: "shanghai",
+			Age:     20,
+			BaseHeader: BaseHeader{
+				Token: "token_xxx",
+			},
+		}
+		m, err := Marshal(v)
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "kevin", m["json"]["name"])
+		assert.Equal(t, "shanghai", m["json"]["address"])
+		assert.Equal(t, 20, m["json"]["age"].(int))
+		assert.Equal(t, "token_xxx", m["header"]["token"])
+
+		v1 := struct {
+			Name    string `json:"name"`
+			Address string `json:"address,options=[beijing,shanghai]"`
+			Age     int    `json:"age"`
+			BaseHeader
+		}{
+			Name:    "kevin",
+			Address: "shanghai",
+			Age:     20,
+		}
+		m1, err1 := Marshal(v1)
+		assert.Nil(t, err1)
+		assert.Equal(t, "kevin", m1["json"]["name"])
+		assert.Equal(t, "shanghai", m1["json"]["address"])
+		assert.Equal(t, 20, m1["json"]["age"].(int))
+
+		type AnotherHeader struct {
+			Version string `header:"version"`
+		}
+		v2 := struct {
+			Name    string `json:"name"`
+			Address string `json:"address,options=[beijing,shanghai]"`
+			Age     int    `json:"age"`
+			BaseHeader
+			AnotherHeader
+		}{
+			Name:    "kevin",
+			Address: "shanghai",
+			Age:     20,
+			BaseHeader: BaseHeader{
+				Token: "token_xxx",
+			},
+			AnotherHeader: AnotherHeader{
+				Version: "v1.0",
+			},
+		}
+		m2, err2 := Marshal(v2)
+		assert.Nil(t, err2)
+		assert.Equal(t, "kevin", m2["json"]["name"])
+		assert.Equal(t, "shanghai", m2["json"]["address"])
+		assert.Equal(t, 20, m2["json"]["age"].(int))
+		assert.Equal(t, "token_xxx", m2["header"]["token"])
+		assert.Equal(t, "v1.0", m2["header"]["version"])
+
+		type PointerHeader struct {
+			Ref *string `header:"ref"`
+		}
+		ref := "reference"
+		v3 := struct {
+			Name    string `json:"name"`
+			Address string `json:"address,options=[beijing,shanghai]"`
+			Age     int    `json:"age"`
+			PointerHeader
+		}{
+			Name:    "kevin",
+			Address: "shanghai",
+			Age:     20,
+			PointerHeader: PointerHeader{
+				Ref: &ref,
+			},
+		}
+		m3, err3 := Marshal(v3)
+		assert.Nil(t, err3)
+		assert.Equal(t, "kevin", m3["json"]["name"])
+		assert.Equal(t, "shanghai", m3["json"]["address"])
+		assert.Equal(t, 20, m3["json"]["age"].(int))
+		assert.Equal(t, "reference", *m3["header"]["ref"].(*string))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("bad anonymous", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type BaseHeader struct {
+			Token string `json:"token,options=[a,b]"`
+		}
+
+		v := struct {
+			Name    string `json:"name"`
+			Address string `json:"address,options=[beijing,shanghai]"`
+			Age     int    `json:"age"`
+			BaseHeader
+		}{
+			Name:    "kevin",
+			Address: "shanghai",
+			Age:     20,
+			BaseHeader: BaseHeader{
+				Token: "c",
+			},
+		}
+
+		_, err := Marshal(v)
+		assert.NotNil(t, err)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestMarshal_Ptr(t *testing.T) {
 	v := &struct {
 		Name      string `path:"name"`
@@ -344,3 +462,15 @@ func TestMarshal_FromString(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "10", m["json"]["age"].(string))
 }
+
+func TestMarshal_Array(t *testing.T) {
+	v := struct {
+		H [1]int `json:"h,string"`
+	}{
+		H: [1]int{1},
+	}
+
+	m, err := Marshal(v)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "[1]", m["json"]["h"].(string))
+}

core/mapping/unmarshaler.go

@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ package mapping
 
 import (
 	"encoding"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -14,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/jsonx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/proc"
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stringx"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ type (
 
 	unmarshalOptions struct {
 		fillDefault  bool
+		fromArray    bool
 		fromString   bool
 		opaqueKeys   bool
 		canonicalKey func(key string) string
@@ -79,40 +81,11 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) Unmarshal(i, v any) error {
 	return u.unmarshal(i, v, "")
 }
 
-func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshal(i, v any, fullName string) error {
-	valueType := reflect.TypeOf(v)
-	if valueType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
-		return errValueNotSettable
-	}
-
-	elemType := Deref(valueType)
-	switch iv := i.(type) {
-	case map[string]any:
-		if elemType.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
-			return errTypeMismatch
-		}
-
-		return u.unmarshalValuer(mapValuer(iv), v, fullName)
-	case []any:
-		if elemType.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
-			return errTypeMismatch
-		}
-
-		return u.fillSlice(elemType, reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem(), iv, fullName)
-	default:
-		return errUnsupportedType
-	}
-}
-
 // UnmarshalValuer unmarshals m into v.
 func (u *Unmarshaler) UnmarshalValuer(m Valuer, v any) error {
 	return u.unmarshalValuer(simpleValuer{current: m}, v, "")
 }
 
-func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshalValuer(m Valuer, v any, fullName string) error {
-	return u.unmarshalWithFullName(simpleValuer{current: m}, v, fullName)
-}
-
 func (u *Unmarshaler) fillMap(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value,
 	mapValue any, fullName string) error {
 	if !value.CanSet() {
@@ -172,13 +145,14 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSlice(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value,
 	baseType := fieldType.Elem()
 	dereffedBaseType := Deref(baseType)
 	dereffedBaseKind := dereffedBaseType.Kind()
-	conv := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(baseType), refValue.Len(), refValue.Cap())
 	if refValue.Len() == 0 {
-		value.Set(conv)
+		value.Set(reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(baseType), 0, 0))
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	var valid bool
+	conv := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(baseType), refValue.Len(), refValue.Cap())
+
 	for i := 0; i < refValue.Len(); i++ {
 		ithValue := refValue.Index(i).Interface()
 		if ithValue == nil {
@@ -190,17 +164,9 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSlice(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value,
 
 		switch dereffedBaseKind {
 		case reflect.Struct:
-			target := reflect.New(dereffedBaseType)
-			val, ok := ithValue.(map[string]any)
-			if !ok {
-				return errTypeMismatch
-			}
-
-			if err := u.unmarshal(val, target.Interface(), sliceFullName); err != nil {
+			if err := u.fillStructElement(baseType, conv.Index(i), ithValue, sliceFullName); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-
-			SetValue(fieldType.Elem(), conv.Index(i), target.Elem())
 		case reflect.Slice:
 			if err := u.fillSlice(dereffedBaseType, conv.Index(i), ithValue, sliceFullName); err != nil {
 				return err
@@ -235,7 +201,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceFromString(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.
 		return errUnsupportedType
 	}
 
-	baseFieldType := Deref(fieldType.Elem())
+	baseFieldType := fieldType.Elem()
 	baseFieldKind := baseFieldType.Kind()
 	conv := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(baseFieldType), len(slice), cap(slice))
 
@@ -256,29 +222,39 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceValue(slice reflect.Value, index int,
 	}
 
 	ithVal := slice.Index(index)
+	ithValType := ithVal.Type()
+
 	switch v := value.(type) {
 	case fmt.Stringer:
 		return setValueFromString(baseKind, ithVal, v.String())
 	case string:
 		return setValueFromString(baseKind, ithVal, v)
 	case map[string]any:
-		return u.fillMap(ithVal.Type(), ithVal, value, fullName)
+		// deref to handle both pointer and non-pointer types.
+		switch Deref(ithValType).Kind() {
+		case reflect.Struct:
+			return u.fillStructElement(ithValType, ithVal, v, fullName)
+		case reflect.Map:
+			return u.fillMap(ithValType, ithVal, value, fullName)
+		default:
+			return errTypeMismatch
+		}
 	default:
 		// don't need to consider the difference between int, int8, int16, int32, int64,
 		// uint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64, because they're handled as json.Number.
 		if ithVal.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-			baseType := Deref(ithVal.Type())
+			baseType := Deref(ithValType)
 			if !reflect.TypeOf(value).AssignableTo(baseType) {
 				return errTypeMismatch
 			}
 
 			target := reflect.New(baseType).Elem()
 			target.Set(reflect.ValueOf(value))
-			SetValue(ithVal.Type(), ithVal, target)
+			SetValue(ithValType, ithVal, target)
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		if !reflect.TypeOf(value).AssignableTo(ithVal.Type()) {
+		if !reflect.TypeOf(value).AssignableTo(ithValType) {
 			return errTypeMismatch
 		}
 
@@ -309,6 +285,23 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceWithDefault(derefedType reflect.Type, value refle
 	return u.fillSlice(derefedType, value, slice, fullName)
 }
 
+func (u *Unmarshaler) fillStructElement(baseType reflect.Type, target reflect.Value,
+	value any, fullName string) error {
+	val, ok := value.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return errTypeMismatch
+	}
+
+	// use Deref(baseType) to get the base type in case the type is a pointer type.
+	ptr := reflect.New(Deref(baseType))
+	if err := u.unmarshal(val, ptr.Interface(), fullName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	SetValue(baseType, target, ptr.Elem())
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (u *Unmarshaler) fillUnmarshalerStruct(fieldType reflect.Type,
 	value reflect.Value, targetValue string) error {
 	if !value.CanSet() {
@@ -611,11 +604,37 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processFieldNotFromString(fieldType reflect.Type, value re
 	case valueKind == reflect.String && typeKind == reflect.Map:
 		return u.fillMapFromString(value, mapValue)
 	case valueKind == reflect.String && typeKind == reflect.Slice:
+		// try to find out if it's a byte slice,
+		// more details https://pkg.go.dev/encoding/json#Marshal
+		// array and slice values encode as JSON arrays,
+		// except that []byte encodes as a base64-encoded string,
+		// and a nil slice encoded as the null JSON value.
+		// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34089750/marshal-byte-to-json-giving-a-strange-string
+		if fieldType.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Uint8 {
+			// check whether string type, because the kind of some other types can be string
+			if strVal, ok := mapValue.(string); ok {
+				if decodedBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(strVal); err == nil {
+					value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(decodedBytes))
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		return u.fillSliceFromString(fieldType, value, mapValue, fullName)
 	case valueKind == reflect.String && derefedFieldType == durationType:
-		return fillDurationValue(fieldType, value, mapValue.(string))
+		v, err := convertToString(mapValue, fullName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		return fillDurationValue(fieldType, value, v)
 	case valueKind == reflect.String && typeKind == reflect.Struct && u.implementsUnmarshaler(fieldType):
-		return u.fillUnmarshalerStruct(fieldType, value, mapValue.(string))
+		v, err := convertToString(mapValue, fullName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		return u.fillUnmarshalerStruct(fieldType, value, v)
 	default:
 		return u.processFieldPrimitive(fieldType, value, mapValue, opts, fullName)
 	}
@@ -746,24 +765,26 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processFieldWithEnvValue(fieldType reflect.Type, value ref
 		return err
 	}
 
-	fieldKind := fieldType.Kind()
-	switch fieldKind {
-	case reflect.Bool:
+	derefType := Deref(fieldType)
+	derefKind := derefType.Kind()
+	switch {
+	case derefKind == reflect.String:
+		SetValue(fieldType, value, toReflectValue(derefType, envVal))
+		return nil
+	case derefKind == reflect.Bool:
 		val, err := strconv.ParseBool(envVal)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("unmarshal field %q with environment variable, %w", fullName, err)
 		}
 
-		value.SetBool(val)
+		SetValue(fieldType, value, toReflectValue(derefType, val))
 		return nil
-	case durationType.Kind():
+	case derefType == durationType:
+		// time.Duration is a special case, its derefKind is reflect.Int64.
 		if err := fillDurationValue(fieldType, value, envVal); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("unmarshal field %q with environment variable, %w", fullName, err)
 		}
 
-		return nil
-	case reflect.String:
-		value.SetString(envVal)
 		return nil
 	default:
 		return u.processFieldPrimitiveWithJSONNumber(fieldType, value, json.Number(envVal), opts, fullName)
@@ -811,6 +832,19 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processNamedField(field reflect.StructField, value reflect
 		return u.processNamedFieldWithoutValue(field.Type, value, opts, fullName)
 	}
 
+	if u.opts.fromArray {
+		fieldKind := field.Type.Kind()
+		if fieldKind != reflect.Slice && fieldKind != reflect.Array {
+			valueKind := reflect.TypeOf(mapValue).Kind()
+			if valueKind == reflect.Slice || valueKind == reflect.Array {
+				val := reflect.ValueOf(mapValue)
+				if val.Len() > 0 {
+					mapValue = val.Index(0).Interface()
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	return u.processNamedFieldWithValue(field.Type, value, valueWithParent{
 		value:  mapValue,
 		parent: valuer,
@@ -872,7 +906,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processNamedFieldWithValueFromString(fieldType reflect.Typ
 				valueKind.String())
 		}
 
-		if !stringx.Contains(options, checkValue) {
+		if !slices.Contains(options, checkValue) {
 			return fmt.Errorf(`value "%s" for field %q is not defined in options "%v"`,
 				mapValue, key, options)
 		}
@@ -938,6 +972,35 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processNamedFieldWithoutValue(fieldType reflect.Type, valu
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshal(i, v any, fullName string) error {
+	valueType := reflect.TypeOf(v)
+	if valueType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+		return errValueNotSettable
+	}
+
+	elemType := Deref(valueType)
+	switch iv := i.(type) {
+	case map[string]any:
+		if elemType.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+			return errTypeMismatch
+		}
+
+		return u.unmarshalValuer(mapValuer(iv), v, fullName)
+	case []any:
+		if elemType.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
+			return errTypeMismatch
+		}
+
+		return u.fillSlice(elemType, reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem(), iv, fullName)
+	default:
+		return errUnsupportedType
+	}
+}
+
+func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshalValuer(m Valuer, v any, fullName string) error {
+	return u.unmarshalWithFullName(simpleValuer{current: m}, v, fullName)
+}
+
 func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshalWithFullName(m valuerWithParent, v any, fullName string) error {
 	rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
 	if err := ValidatePtr(rv); err != nil {
@@ -990,6 +1053,16 @@ func WithDefault() UnmarshalOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithFromArray customizes an Unmarshaler with converting array values to non-array types.
+// For example, if the field type is []string, and the value is [hello],
+// the field type can be `string`, instead of `[]string`.
+// Typically, this option is used for unmarshaling from form values.
+func WithFromArray() UnmarshalOption {
+	return func(opt *unmarshalOptions) {
+		opt.fromArray = true
+	}
+}
+
 // WithOpaqueKeys customizes an Unmarshaler with opaque keys.
 // Opaque keys are keys that are not processed by the unmarshaler.
 func WithOpaqueKeys() UnmarshalOption {

core/mapping/unmarshaler_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/jsonx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stringx"
 )
 
@@ -202,6 +203,20 @@ func TestUnmarshalDuration(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestUnmarshalDurationUnexpectedError(t *testing.T) {
+	type inner struct {
+		Duration time.Duration `key:"duration"`
+	}
+	content := "{\"duration\": 1}"
+	var m = map[string]any{}
+	err := jsonx.Unmarshal([]byte(content), &m)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	var in inner
+	err = UnmarshalKey(m, &in)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "expect string")
+}
+
 func TestUnmarshalDurationDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	type inner struct {
 		Int      int           `key:"int"`
@@ -261,6 +276,7 @@ func TestUnmarshalInt(t *testing.T) {
 		Int64FromStr int64 `key:"int64str,string"`
 		DefaultInt   int64 `key:"defaultint,default=11"`
 		Optional     int   `key:"optional,optional"`
+		IntOptDef    int   `key:"intopt,optional,default=6"`
 	}
 	m := map[string]any{
 		"int":      1,
@@ -289,6 +305,7 @@ func TestUnmarshalInt(t *testing.T) {
 		ast.Equal(int64(9), in.Int64)
 		ast.Equal(int64(10), in.Int64FromStr)
 		ast.Equal(int64(11), in.DefaultInt)
+		ast.Equal(6, in.IntOptDef)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -349,7 +366,7 @@ func TestUnmarshalIntSliceOfPtr(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Error(t, UnmarshalKey(m, &in))
 	})
 
-	t.Run("int slice with nil", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("int slice with nil element", func(t *testing.T) {
 		type inner struct {
 			Ints []int `key:"ints"`
 		}
@@ -363,6 +380,21 @@ func TestUnmarshalIntSliceOfPtr(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Empty(t, in.Ints)
 		}
 	})
+
+	t.Run("int slice with nil", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type inner struct {
+			Ints []int `key:"ints"`
+		}
+
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"ints": []any(nil),
+		}
+
+		var in inner
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalKey(m, &in)) {
+			assert.Empty(t, in.Ints)
+		}
+	})
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshalIntWithDefault(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1372,20 +1404,80 @@ func TestUnmarshalWithFloatPtr(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshalIntSlice(t *testing.T) {
-	var v struct {
-		Ages  []int `key:"ages"`
-		Slice []int `key:"slice"`
-	}
-	m := map[string]any{
-		"ages":  []int{1, 2},
-		"slice": []any{},
-	}
+	t.Run("int slice from int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Ages  []int `key:"ages"`
+			Slice []int `key:"slice"`
+		}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"ages":  []int{1, 2},
+			"slice": []any{},
+		}
 
-	ast := assert.New(t)
-	if ast.NoError(UnmarshalKey(m, &v)) {
-		ast.ElementsMatch([]int{1, 2}, v.Ages)
-		ast.Equal([]int{}, v.Slice)
-	}
+		ast := assert.New(t)
+		if ast.NoError(UnmarshalKey(m, &v)) {
+			ast.ElementsMatch([]int{1, 2}, v.Ages)
+			ast.Equal([]int{}, v.Slice)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("int slice from one int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Ages []int `key:"ages"`
+		}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"ages": []int{2},
+		}
+
+		ast := assert.New(t)
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler(defaultKeyName, WithFromArray())
+		if ast.NoError(unmarshaler.Unmarshal(m, &v)) {
+			ast.ElementsMatch([]int{2}, v.Ages)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("int slice from one int string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Ages []int `key:"ages"`
+		}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"ages": []string{"2"},
+		}
+
+		ast := assert.New(t)
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler(defaultKeyName, WithFromArray())
+		if ast.NoError(unmarshaler.Unmarshal(m, &v)) {
+			ast.ElementsMatch([]int{2}, v.Ages)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("int slice from one json.Number", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Ages []int `key:"ages"`
+		}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"ages": []json.Number{"2"},
+		}
+
+		ast := assert.New(t)
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler(defaultKeyName, WithFromArray())
+		if ast.NoError(unmarshaler.Unmarshal(m, &v)) {
+			ast.ElementsMatch([]int{2}, v.Ages)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("int slice from one int strings", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Ages []int `key:"ages"`
+		}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"ages": []string{"1,2"},
+		}
+
+		ast := assert.New(t)
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler(defaultKeyName, WithFromArray())
+		ast.Error(unmarshaler.Unmarshal(m, &v))
+	})
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshalString(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1440,6 +1532,51 @@ func TestUnmarshalStringSliceFromString(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
+	t.Run("slice from empty string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Names []string `key:"names"`
+		}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"names": []string{""},
+		}
+
+		ast := assert.New(t)
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler(defaultKeyName, WithFromArray())
+		if ast.NoError(unmarshaler.Unmarshal(m, &v)) {
+			ast.ElementsMatch([]string{""}, v.Names)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice from empty and valid string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Names []string `key:"names"`
+		}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"names": []string{","},
+		}
+
+		ast := assert.New(t)
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler(defaultKeyName, WithFromArray())
+		if ast.NoError(unmarshaler.Unmarshal(m, &v)) {
+			ast.ElementsMatch([]string{","}, v.Names)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice from valid strings with comma", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Names []string `key:"names"`
+		}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"names": []string{"aa,bb"},
+		}
+
+		ast := assert.New(t)
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler(defaultKeyName, WithFromArray())
+		if ast.NoError(unmarshaler.Unmarshal(m, &v)) {
+			ast.ElementsMatch([]string{"aa,bb"}, v.Names)
+		}
+	})
+
 	t.Run("slice from string with slice error", func(t *testing.T) {
 		var v struct {
 			Names []int `key:"names"`
@@ -4542,6 +4679,23 @@ func TestUnmarshal_EnvInt(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestUnmarshal_EnvInt64(t *testing.T) {
+	type Value struct {
+		Age int64 `key:"age,env=TEST_NAME_INT64"`
+	}
+
+	const (
+		envName = "TEST_NAME_INT64"
+		envVal  = "88"
+	)
+	t.Setenv(envName, envVal)
+
+	var v Value
+	if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalKey(emptyMap, &v)) {
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(88), v.Age)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestUnmarshal_EnvIntOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
 	type Value struct {
 		Age int `key:"age,env=TEST_NAME_INT"`
@@ -4647,20 +4801,33 @@ func TestUnmarshal_EnvBoolBad(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshal_EnvDuration(t *testing.T) {
-	type Value struct {
-		Duration time.Duration `key:"duration,env=TEST_NAME_DURATION"`
-	}
-
 	const (
 		envName = "TEST_NAME_DURATION"
 		envVal  = "1s"
 	)
 	t.Setenv(envName, envVal)
 
-	var v Value
-	if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalKey(emptyMap, &v)) {
-		assert.Equal(t, time.Second, v.Duration)
-	}
+	t.Run("valid duration", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type Value struct {
+			Duration time.Duration `key:"duration,env=TEST_NAME_DURATION"`
+		}
+
+		var v Value
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalKey(emptyMap, &v)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, time.Second, v.Duration)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ptr of duration", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type Value struct {
+			Duration *time.Duration `key:"duration,env=TEST_NAME_DURATION"`
+		}
+
+		var v Value
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalKey(emptyMap, &v)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, time.Second, *v.Duration)
+		}
+	})
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshal_EnvDurationBadValue(t *testing.T) {
@@ -4759,14 +4926,28 @@ func TestUnmarshal_EnvWithOptionsWrongValueString(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUnmarshalJsonReaderMultiArray(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("reader multi array", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var res struct {
+		type testRes struct {
 			A string     `json:"a"`
 			B [][]string `json:"b"`
+			C []byte     `json:"c"`
 		}
-		payload := `{"a": "133", "b": [["add", "cccd"], ["eeee"]]}`
+
+		var res testRes
+		marshal := testRes{
+			A: "133",
+			B: [][]string{
+				{"add", "cccd"},
+				{"eeee"},
+			},
+			C: []byte("11122344wsss"),
+		}
+		bytes, err := jsonx.Marshal(marshal)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		payload := string(bytes)
 		reader := strings.NewReader(payload)
 		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalJsonReader(reader, &res)) {
 			assert.Equal(t, 2, len(res.B))
+			assert.Equal(t, string(marshal.C), string(res.C))
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -5637,6 +5818,62 @@ func TestUnmarshalFromStringSliceForTypeMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 	}, &v))
 }
 
+func TestUnmarshalWithFromArray(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Value []string `key:"value"`
+		}
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler("key", WithFromArray())
+		if assert.NoError(t, unmarshaler.Unmarshal(map[string]any{
+			"value": []string{"foo", "bar"},
+		}, &v)) {
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"foo", "bar"}, v.Value)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Value string `key:"value"`
+		}
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler("key", WithFromArray())
+		if assert.NoError(t, unmarshaler.Unmarshal(map[string]any{
+			"value": []string{"foo"},
+		}, &v)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, "foo", v.Value)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not array and empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Value string `key:"value"`
+		}
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler("key", WithFromArray())
+		if assert.NoError(t, unmarshaler.Unmarshal(map[string]any{
+			"value": []string{""},
+		}, &v)) {
+			assert.Empty(t, v.Value)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not array and no value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Value string `key:"value"`
+		}
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler("key", WithFromArray())
+		assert.Error(t, unmarshaler.Unmarshal(map[string]any{}, &v))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not array and no value and optional", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var v struct {
+			Value string `key:"value,optional"`
+		}
+		unmarshaler := NewUnmarshaler("key", WithFromArray())
+		if assert.NoError(t, unmarshaler.Unmarshal(map[string]any{}, &v)) {
+			assert.Empty(t, v.Value)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func TestUnmarshalWithOpaqueKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	var v struct {
 		Opaque string `key:"opaque.key"`
@@ -5802,6 +6039,147 @@ func TestUnmarshal_Unmarshaler(t *testing.T) {
 		}, &v))
 		assert.Nil(t, v.Foo)
 	})
+
+	t.Run("json.Number", func(t *testing.T) {
+		v := struct {
+			Foo *mockUnmarshaler `json:"name"`
+		}{}
+		m := map[string]any{
+			"name": json.Number("123"),
+		}
+		assert.Error(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(m, &v))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestParseJsonStringValue(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type GoodsInfo struct {
+			Sku int64 `json:"sku,optional"`
+		}
+
+		type GetReq struct {
+			GoodsList []*GoodsInfo `json:"goods_list"`
+		}
+
+		input := map[string]any{"goods_list": "[{\"sku\":11},{\"sku\":22}]"}
+		var v GetReq
+		assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+			assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(input, &v))
+			assert.Equal(t, 2, len(v.GoodsList))
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []int64{11, 22}, []int64{v.GoodsList[0].Sku, v.GoodsList[1].Sku})
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("string with invalid type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type GetReq struct {
+			GoodsList []*int `json:"goods_list"`
+		}
+
+		input := map[string]any{"goods_list": "[{\"sku\":11},{\"sku\":22}]"}
+		var v GetReq
+		assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+			assert.Error(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(input, &v))
+		})
+	})
+}
+
+// issue #5033, string type
+func TestUnmarshalFromEnvString(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("STRING_ENV", "dev")
+
+	t.Run("by value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type (
+			Env    string
+			Config struct {
+				Env Env `json:",env=STRING_ENV,default=prod"`
+			}
+		)
+
+		var c Config
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(map[string]any{}, &c)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, Env("dev"), c.Env)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("by ptr", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type (
+			Env    string
+			Config struct {
+				Env *Env `json:",env=STRING_ENV,default=prod"`
+			}
+		)
+
+		var c Config
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(map[string]any{}, &c)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, Env("dev"), *c.Env)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// issue #5033, bool type
+func TestUnmarshalFromEnvBool(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("BOOL_ENV", "true")
+
+	t.Run("by value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type (
+			Env    bool
+			Config struct {
+				Env Env `json:",env=BOOL_ENV,default=false"`
+			}
+		)
+
+		var c Config
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(map[string]any{}, &c)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, Env(true), c.Env)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("by ptr", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type (
+			Env    bool
+			Config struct {
+				Env *Env `json:",env=BOOL_ENV,default=false"`
+			}
+		)
+
+		var c Config
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(map[string]any{}, &c)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, Env(true), *c.Env)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// issue #5033, customized int type
+func TestUnmarshalFromEnvInt(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("INT_ENV", "2")
+
+	t.Run("by value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type (
+			Env    int
+			Config struct {
+				Env Env `json:",env=INT_ENV,default=0"`
+			}
+		)
+
+		var c Config
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(map[string]any{}, &c)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, Env(2), c.Env)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("by ptr", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type (
+			Env    int
+			Config struct {
+				Env *Env `json:",env=INT_ENV,default=0"`
+			}
+		)
+
+		var c Config
+		if assert.NoError(t, UnmarshalJsonMap(map[string]any{}, &c)) {
+			assert.Equal(t, Env(2), *c.Env)
+		}
+	})
 }
 
 func BenchmarkDefaultValue(b *testing.B) {

core/mapping/utils.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -91,6 +92,15 @@ func ValidatePtr(v reflect.Value) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func convertToString(val any, fullName string) (string, error) {
+	v, ok := val.(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("expect string for field %s, but got type %T", fullName, val)
+	}
+
+	return v, nil
+}
+
 func convertTypeFromString(kind reflect.Kind, str string) (any, error) {
 	switch kind {
 	case reflect.Bool:
@@ -573,6 +583,10 @@ func toFloat64(v any) (float64, bool) {
 	}
 }
 
+func toReflectValue(tp reflect.Type, v any) reflect.Value {
+	return reflect.ValueOf(v).Convert(Deref(tp))
+}
+
 func usingDifferentKeys(key string, field reflect.StructField) bool {
 	if len(field.Tag) > 0 {
 		if _, ok := field.Tag.Lookup(key); !ok {
@@ -634,11 +648,11 @@ func validateValueInOptions(val any, options []string) error {
 	if len(options) > 0 {
 		switch v := val.(type) {
 		case string:
-			if !stringx.Contains(options, v) {
+			if !slices.Contains(options, v) {
 				return fmt.Errorf(`error: value %q is not defined in options "%v"`, v, options)
 			}
 		default:
-			if !stringx.Contains(options, Repr(v)) {
+			if !slices.Contains(options, Repr(v)) {
 				return fmt.Errorf(`error: value "%v" is not defined in options "%v"`, val, options)
 			}
 		}

core/mathx/int.go

@@ -1,19 +1,13 @@
 package mathx
 
 // MaxInt returns the larger one of a and b.
+// Deprecated: use builtin max instead.
 func MaxInt(a, b int) int {
-	if a > b {
-		return a
-	}
-
-	return b
+	return max(a, b)
 }
 
 // MinInt returns the smaller one of a and b.
+// Deprecated: use builtin min instead.
 func MinInt(a, b int) int {
-	if a < b {
-		return a
-	}
-
-	return b
+	return min(a, b)
 }

core/mathx/unstable.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// An Unstable is used to generate random value around the mean value base on given deviation.
+// An Unstable is used to generate random value around the mean value based on given deviation.
 type Unstable struct {
 	deviation float64
 	r         *rand.Rand

core/mr/mapreduce.go

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ package mr
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
@@ -142,89 +145,6 @@ func MapReduceChan[T, U, V any](source <-chan T, mapper MapperFunc[T, U], reduce
 	return mapReduceWithPanicChan(source, panicChan, mapper, reducer, opts...)
 }
 
-// mapReduceWithPanicChan maps all elements from source, and reduce the output elements with given reducer.
-func mapReduceWithPanicChan[T, U, V any](source <-chan T, panicChan *onceChan, mapper MapperFunc[T, U],
-	reducer ReducerFunc[U, V], opts ...Option) (val V, err error) {
-	options := buildOptions(opts...)
-	// output is used to write the final result
-	output := make(chan V)
-	defer func() {
-		// reducer can only write once, if more, panic
-		for range output {
-			panic("more than one element written in reducer")
-		}
-	}()
-
-	// collector is used to collect data from mapper, and consume in reducer
-	collector := make(chan U, options.workers)
-	// if done is closed, all mappers and reducer should stop processing
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	writer := newGuardedWriter(options.ctx, output, done)
-	var closeOnce sync.Once
-	// use atomic type to avoid data race
-	var retErr errorx.AtomicError
-	finish := func() {
-		closeOnce.Do(func() {
-			close(done)
-			close(output)
-		})
-	}
-	cancel := once(func(err error) {
-		if err != nil {
-			retErr.Set(err)
-		} else {
-			retErr.Set(ErrCancelWithNil)
-		}
-
-		drain(source)
-		finish()
-	})
-
-	go func() {
-		defer func() {
-			drain(collector)
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				panicChan.write(r)
-			}
-			finish()
-		}()
-
-		reducer(collector, writer, cancel)
-	}()
-
-	go executeMappers(mapperContext[T, U]{
-		ctx: options.ctx,
-		mapper: func(item T, w Writer[U]) {
-			mapper(item, w, cancel)
-		},
-		source:    source,
-		panicChan: panicChan,
-		collector: collector,
-		doneChan:  done,
-		workers:   options.workers,
-	})
-
-	select {
-	case <-options.ctx.Done():
-		cancel(context.DeadlineExceeded)
-		err = context.DeadlineExceeded
-	case v := <-panicChan.channel:
-		// drain output here, otherwise for loop panic in defer
-		drain(output)
-		panic(v)
-	case v, ok := <-output:
-		if e := retErr.Load(); e != nil {
-			err = e
-		} else if ok {
-			val = v
-		} else {
-			err = ErrReduceNoOutput
-		}
-	}
-
-	return
-}
-
 // MapReduceVoid maps all elements generated from given generate,
 // and reduce the output elements with given reducer.
 func MapReduceVoid[T, U any](generate GenerateFunc[T], mapper MapperFunc[T, U],
@@ -266,12 +186,16 @@ func buildOptions(opts ...Option) *mapReduceOptions {
 	return options
 }
 
+func buildPanicInfo(r any, stack []byte) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%+v\n\n%s", r, strings.TrimSpace(string(stack)))
+}
+
 func buildSource[T any](generate GenerateFunc[T], panicChan *onceChan) chan T {
 	source := make(chan T)
 	go func() {
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				panicChan.write(r)
+				panicChan.write(buildPanicInfo(r, debug.Stack()))
 			}
 			close(source)
 		}()
@@ -318,7 +242,7 @@ func executeMappers[T, U any](mCtx mapperContext[T, U]) {
 				defer func() {
 					if r := recover(); r != nil {
 						atomic.AddInt32(&failed, 1)
-						mCtx.panicChan.write(r)
+						mCtx.panicChan.write(buildPanicInfo(r, debug.Stack()))
 					}
 					wg.Done()
 					<-pool
@@ -330,6 +254,89 @@ func executeMappers[T, U any](mCtx mapperContext[T, U]) {
 	}
 }
 
+// mapReduceWithPanicChan maps all elements from source, and reduce the output elements with given reducer.
+func mapReduceWithPanicChan[T, U, V any](source <-chan T, panicChan *onceChan, mapper MapperFunc[T, U],
+	reducer ReducerFunc[U, V], opts ...Option) (val V, err error) {
+	options := buildOptions(opts...)
+	// output is used to write the final result
+	output := make(chan V)
+	defer func() {
+		// reducer can only write once, if more, panic
+		for range output {
+			panic("more than one element written in reducer")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// collector is used to collect data from mapper, and consume in reducer
+	collector := make(chan U, options.workers)
+	// if done is closed, all mappers and reducer should stop processing
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	writer := newGuardedWriter(options.ctx, output, done)
+	var closeOnce sync.Once
+	// use atomic type to avoid data race
+	var retErr errorx.AtomicError
+	finish := func() {
+		closeOnce.Do(func() {
+			close(done)
+			close(output)
+		})
+	}
+	cancel := once(func(err error) {
+		if err != nil {
+			retErr.Set(err)
+		} else {
+			retErr.Set(ErrCancelWithNil)
+		}
+
+		drain(source)
+		finish()
+	})
+
+	go func() {
+		defer func() {
+			drain(collector)
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				panicChan.write(buildPanicInfo(r, debug.Stack()))
+			}
+			finish()
+		}()
+
+		reducer(collector, writer, cancel)
+	}()
+
+	go executeMappers(mapperContext[T, U]{
+		ctx: options.ctx,
+		mapper: func(item T, w Writer[U]) {
+			mapper(item, w, cancel)
+		},
+		source:    source,
+		panicChan: panicChan,
+		collector: collector,
+		doneChan:  done,
+		workers:   options.workers,
+	})
+
+	select {
+	case <-options.ctx.Done():
+		cancel(context.DeadlineExceeded)
+		err = context.DeadlineExceeded
+	case v := <-panicChan.channel:
+		// drain output here, otherwise for loop panic in defer
+		drain(output)
+		panic(v)
+	case v, ok := <-output:
+		if e := retErr.Load(); e != nil {
+			err = e
+		} else if ok {
+			val = v
+		} else {
+			err = ErrReduceNoOutput
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
 func newOptions() *mapReduceOptions {
 	return &mapReduceOptions{
 		ctx:     context.Background(),
@@ -363,9 +370,7 @@ func newGuardedWriter[T any](ctx context.Context, channel chan<- T, done <-chan
 func (gw guardedWriter[T]) Write(v T) {
 	select {
 	case <-gw.ctx.Done():
-		return
 	case <-gw.done:
-		return
 	default:
 		gw.channel <- v
 	}

core/mr/mapreduce_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package mr
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"runtime"
@@ -39,6 +40,36 @@ func TestFinish(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestFinishWithPartialErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+
+	errDummy := errors.New("dummy")
+
+	t.Run("one error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := Finish(func() error {
+			return errDummy
+		}, func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func() error {
+			return nil
+		})
+
+		assert.Equal(t, errDummy, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("two errors", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := Finish(func() error {
+			return errDummy
+		}, func() error {
+			return errDummy
+		}, func() error {
+			return nil
+		})
+
+		assert.Equal(t, errDummy, err)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestFinishNone(t *testing.T) {
 	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
 
@@ -118,11 +149,28 @@ func TestForEach(t *testing.T) {
 
 		assert.Equal(t, tasks/2, int(count))
 	})
+}
 
-	t.Run("all", func(t *testing.T) {
-		defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+func TestPanics(t *testing.T) {
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+
+	const tasks = 1000
+	verify := func(t *testing.T, r any) {
+		panicStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", r)
+		assert.Contains(t, panicStr, "foo")
+		assert.Contains(t, panicStr, "goroutine")
+		assert.Contains(t, panicStr, "runtime/debug.Stack")
+		panic(r)
+	}
+
+	t.Run("ForEach run panics", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Panics(t, func() {
+			defer func() {
+				if r := recover(); r != nil {
+					verify(t, r)
+				}
+			}()
 
-		assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "foo", func() {
 			ForEach(func(source chan<- int) {
 				for i := 0; i < tasks; i++ {
 					source <- i
@@ -132,28 +180,31 @@ func TestForEach(t *testing.T) {
 			})
 		})
 	})
-}
 
-func TestGeneratePanic(t *testing.T) {
-	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+	t.Run("ForEach generate panics", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Panics(t, func() {
+			defer func() {
+				if r := recover(); r != nil {
+					verify(t, r)
+				}
+			}()
 
-	t.Run("all", func(t *testing.T) {
-		assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "foo", func() {
 			ForEach(func(source chan<- int) {
 				panic("foo")
 			}, func(item int) {
 			})
 		})
 	})
-}
 
-func TestMapperPanic(t *testing.T) {
-	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
-
-	const tasks = 1000
 	var run int32
-	t.Run("all", func(t *testing.T) {
-		assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "foo", func() {
+	t.Run("Mapper panics", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Panics(t, func() {
+			defer func() {
+				if r := recover(); r != nil {
+					verify(t, r)
+				}
+			}()
+
 			_, _ = MapReduce(func(source chan<- int) {
 				for i := 0; i < tasks; i++ {
 					source <- i

core/proc/goroutines.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build linux || darwin
+//go:build linux || darwin || freebsd
 
 package proc
 

core/proc/goroutines_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build linux || darwin
+//go:build linux || darwin || freebsd
 
 package proc
 

core/proc/profile.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build linux || darwin
+//go:build linux || darwin || freebsd
 
 package proc
 

core/proc/shutdown+polyfill.go

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ package proc
 
 import "time"
 
+// ShutdownConf is empty on windows.
+type ShutdownConf struct{}
+
 // AddShutdownListener returns fn itself on windows, lets callers call fn on their own.
 func AddShutdownListener(fn func()) func() {
 	return fn
@@ -18,6 +21,10 @@ func AddWrapUpListener(fn func()) func() {
 func SetTimeToForceQuit(duration time.Duration) {
 }
 
+// Setup does nothing on windows.
+func Setup(conf ShutdownConf) {
+}
+
 // Shutdown does nothing on windows.
 func Shutdown() {
 }

core/proc/shutdown.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build linux || darwin
+//go:build linux || darwin || freebsd
 
 package proc
 
@@ -14,17 +14,29 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	wrapUpTime = time.Second
-	// why we use 5500 milliseconds is because most of our queue are blocking mode with 5 seconds
-	waitTime = 5500 * time.Millisecond
+	// defaultWrapUpTime is the default time to wait before calling wrap up listeners.
+	defaultWrapUpTime = time.Second
+	// defaultWaitTime is the default time to wait before force quitting.
+	// why we use 5500 milliseconds is because most of our queues are blocking mode with 5 seconds
+	defaultWaitTime = 5500 * time.Millisecond
 )
 
 var (
-	wrapUpListeners          = new(listenerManager)
-	shutdownListeners        = new(listenerManager)
-	delayTimeBeforeForceQuit = waitTime
+	wrapUpListeners   = new(listenerManager)
+	shutdownListeners = new(listenerManager)
+	wrapUpTime        = defaultWrapUpTime
+	waitTime          = defaultWaitTime
+	shutdownLock      sync.Mutex
 )
 
+// ShutdownConf defines the shutdown configuration for the process.
+type ShutdownConf struct {
+	// WrapUpTime is the time to wait before calling shutdown listeners.
+	WrapUpTime time.Duration `json:",default=1s"`
+	// WaitTime is the time to wait before force quitting.
+	WaitTime time.Duration `json:",default=5.5s"`
+}
+
 // AddShutdownListener adds fn as a shutdown listener.
 // The returned func can be used to wait for fn getting called.
 func AddShutdownListener(fn func()) (waitForCalled func()) {
@@ -39,7 +51,21 @@ func AddWrapUpListener(fn func()) (waitForCalled func()) {
 
 // SetTimeToForceQuit sets the waiting time before force quitting.
 func SetTimeToForceQuit(duration time.Duration) {
-	delayTimeBeforeForceQuit = duration
+	shutdownLock.Lock()
+	defer shutdownLock.Unlock()
+	waitTime = duration
+}
+
+func Setup(conf ShutdownConf) {
+	shutdownLock.Lock()
+	defer shutdownLock.Unlock()
+
+	if conf.WrapUpTime > 0 {
+		wrapUpTime = conf.WrapUpTime
+	}
+	if conf.WaitTime > 0 {
+		waitTime = conf.WaitTime
+	}
 }
 
 // Shutdown calls the registered shutdown listeners, only for test purpose.
@@ -61,8 +87,12 @@ func gracefulStop(signals chan os.Signal, sig syscall.Signal) {
 	time.Sleep(wrapUpTime)
 	go shutdownListeners.notifyListeners()
 
-	time.Sleep(delayTimeBeforeForceQuit - wrapUpTime)
-	logx.Infof("Still alive after %v, going to force kill the process...", delayTimeBeforeForceQuit)
+	shutdownLock.Lock()
+	remainingTime := waitTime - wrapUpTime
+	shutdownLock.Unlock()
+
+	time.Sleep(remainingTime)
+	logx.Infof("Still alive after %v, going to force kill the process...", waitTime)
 	_ = syscall.Kill(syscall.Getpid(), sig)
 }
 
@@ -82,6 +112,9 @@ func (lm *listenerManager) addListener(fn func()) (waitForCalled func()) {
 	})
 	lm.lock.Unlock()
 
+	// we can return lm.waitGroup.Wait directly,
+	// but we want to make the returned func more readable.
+	// creating an extra closure would be negligible in practice.
 	return func() {
 		lm.waitGroup.Wait()
 	}

core/proc/shutdown_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-//go:build linux || darwin
+//go:build linux || darwin || freebsd
 
 package proc
 
 import (
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -10,8 +11,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestShutdown(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(restoreSettings)
+
 	SetTimeToForceQuit(time.Hour)
-	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, delayTimeBeforeForceQuit)
+	shutdownLock.Lock()
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, waitTime)
+	shutdownLock.Unlock()
 
 	var val int
 	called := AddWrapUpListener(func() {
@@ -29,7 +34,53 @@ func TestShutdown(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 3, val)
 }
 
+func TestShutdownWithMultipleServices(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(restoreSettings)
+
+	SetTimeToForceQuit(time.Hour)
+	shutdownLock.Lock()
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, waitTime)
+	shutdownLock.Unlock()
+
+	var val int32
+	called1 := AddShutdownListener(func() {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&val, 1)
+	})
+	called2 := AddShutdownListener(func() {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&val, 2)
+	})
+	Shutdown()
+	called1()
+	called2()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(3), atomic.LoadInt32(&val))
+}
+
+func TestWrapUpWithMultipleServices(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(restoreSettings)
+
+	SetTimeToForceQuit(time.Hour)
+	shutdownLock.Lock()
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, waitTime)
+	shutdownLock.Unlock()
+
+	var val int32
+	called1 := AddWrapUpListener(func() {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&val, 1)
+	})
+	called2 := AddWrapUpListener(func() {
+		atomic.AddInt32(&val, 2)
+	})
+	WrapUp()
+	called1()
+	called2()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(3), atomic.LoadInt32(&val))
+}
+
 func TestNotifyMoreThanOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(restoreSettings)
+
 	ch := make(chan struct{}, 1)
 
 	go func() {
@@ -58,3 +109,38 @@ func TestNotifyMoreThanOnce(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("timeout, check error logs")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSetup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("valid time", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer restoreSettings()
+
+		Setup(ShutdownConf{
+			WrapUpTime: time.Second * 2,
+			WaitTime:   time.Second * 30,
+		})
+
+		shutdownLock.Lock()
+		assert.Equal(t, time.Second*2, wrapUpTime)
+		assert.Equal(t, time.Second*30, waitTime)
+		shutdownLock.Unlock()
+	})
+
+	t.Run("valid time", func(t *testing.T) {
+		defer restoreSettings()
+
+		Setup(ShutdownConf{})
+
+		shutdownLock.Lock()
+		assert.Equal(t, defaultWrapUpTime, wrapUpTime)
+		assert.Equal(t, defaultWaitTime, waitTime)
+		shutdownLock.Unlock()
+	})
+}
+
+func restoreSettings() {
+	shutdownLock.Lock()
+	defer shutdownLock.Unlock()
+
+	wrapUpTime = defaultWrapUpTime
+	waitTime = defaultWaitTime
+}

core/proc/signals.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build linux || darwin
+//go:build linux || darwin || freebsd
 
 package proc
 

core/proc/signals_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build linux || darwin
+//go:build linux || darwin || freebsd
 
 package proc
 

core/prof/profilecenter.go

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 package prof
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"strconv"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
 )
@@ -28,46 +27,15 @@ type (
 
 const flushInterval = 5 * time.Minute
 
-var (
-	pc = &profileCenter{
-		slots: make(map[string]*profileSlot),
-	}
-	once sync.Once
-)
-
-func report(name string, duration time.Duration) {
-	updated := func() bool {
-		pc.lock.RLock()
-		defer pc.lock.RUnlock()
-
-		slot, ok := pc.slots[name]
-		if ok {
-			atomic.AddInt64(&slot.lifecount, 1)
-			atomic.AddInt64(&slot.lastcount, 1)
-			atomic.AddInt64(&slot.lifecycle, int64(duration))
-			atomic.AddInt64(&slot.lastcycle, int64(duration))
-		}
-		return ok
-	}()
-
-	if !updated {
-		func() {
-			pc.lock.Lock()
-			defer pc.lock.Unlock()
-
-			pc.slots[name] = &profileSlot{
-				lifecount: 1,
-				lastcount: 1,
-				lifecycle: int64(duration),
-				lastcycle: int64(duration),
-			}
-		}()
-	}
-
-	once.Do(flushRepeatly)
+var pc = &profileCenter{
+	slots: make(map[string]*profileSlot),
 }
 
-func flushRepeatly() {
+func init() {
+	flushRepeatedly()
+}
+
+func flushRepeatedly() {
 	threading.GoSafe(func() {
 		for {
 			time.Sleep(flushInterval)
@@ -76,42 +44,64 @@ func flushRepeatly() {
 	})
 }
 
+func report(name string, duration time.Duration) {
+	slot := loadOrStoreSlot(name, duration)
+
+	atomic.AddInt64(&slot.lifecount, 1)
+	atomic.AddInt64(&slot.lastcount, 1)
+	atomic.AddInt64(&slot.lifecycle, int64(duration))
+	atomic.AddInt64(&slot.lastcycle, int64(duration))
+}
+
+func loadOrStoreSlot(name string, duration time.Duration) *profileSlot {
+	pc.lock.RLock()
+	slot, ok := pc.slots[name]
+	pc.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if ok {
+		return slot
+	}
+
+	pc.lock.Lock()
+	defer pc.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// double-check
+	if slot, ok = pc.slots[name]; ok {
+		return slot
+	}
+
+	slot = &profileSlot{}
+	pc.slots[name] = slot
+	return slot
+}
+
 func generateReport() string {
-	var buffer bytes.Buffer
-	buffer.WriteString("Profiling report\n")
-	var data [][]string
+	var builder strings.Builder
+	builder.WriteString("Profiling report\n")
+	builder.WriteString("QUEUE,LIFECOUNT,LIFECYCLE,LASTCOUNT,LASTCYCLE\n")
+
 	calcFn := func(total, count int64) string {
 		if count == 0 {
 			return "-"
 		}
-
 		return (time.Duration(total) / time.Duration(count)).String()
 	}
 
-	func() {
-		pc.lock.Lock()
-		defer pc.lock.Unlock()
+	pc.lock.Lock()
+	for key, slot := range pc.slots {
+		builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s,%d,%s,%d,%s\n",
+			key,
+			slot.lifecount,
+			calcFn(slot.lifecycle, slot.lifecount),
+			slot.lastcount,
+			calcFn(slot.lastcycle, slot.lastcount),
+		))
 
-		for key, slot := range pc.slots {
-			data = append(data, []string{
-				key,
-				strconv.FormatInt(slot.lifecount, 10),
-				calcFn(slot.lifecycle, slot.lifecount),
-				strconv.FormatInt(slot.lastcount, 10),
-				calcFn(slot.lastcycle, slot.lastcount),
-			})
+		// reset last cycle stats
+		atomic.StoreInt64(&slot.lastcount, 0)
+		atomic.StoreInt64(&slot.lastcycle, 0)
+	}
+	pc.lock.Unlock()
 
-			// reset the data for last cycle
-			slot.lastcount = 0
-			slot.lastcycle = 0
-		}
-	}()
-
-	table := tablewriter.NewWriter(&buffer)
-	table.SetHeader([]string{"QUEUE", "LIFECOUNT", "LIFECYCLE", "LASTCOUNT", "LASTCYCLE"})
-	table.SetBorder(false)
-	table.AppendBulk(data)
-	table.Render()
-
-	return buffer.String()
+	return builder.String()
 }

core/prof/profilecenter_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestReport(t *testing.T) {
-	once.Do(func() {})
 	assert.NotContains(t, generateReport(), "foo")
 	report("foo", time.Second)
 	assert.Contains(t, generateReport(), "foo")

core/prof/runtime.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"runtime/metrics"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -28,10 +30,29 @@ func displayStatsWithWriter(writer io.Writer, interval ...time.Duration) {
 		ticker := time.NewTicker(duration)
 		defer ticker.Stop()
 		for range ticker.C {
-			var m runtime.MemStats
-			runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+			var (
+				alloc, totalAlloc, sys uint64
+				samples                = []metrics.Sample{
+					{Name: "/memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes"},
+					{Name: "/gc/heap/allocs:bytes"},
+					{Name: "/memory/classes/total:bytes"},
+				}
+			)
+			metrics.Read(samples)
+
+			if samples[0].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+				alloc = samples[0].Value.Uint64()
+			}
+			if samples[1].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+				totalAlloc = samples[1].Value.Uint64()
+			}
+			if samples[2].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+				sys = samples[2].Value.Uint64()
+			}
+			var stats debug.GCStats
+			debug.ReadGCStats(&stats)
 			fmt.Fprintf(writer, "Goroutines: %d, Alloc: %vm, TotalAlloc: %vm, Sys: %vm, NumGC: %v\n",
-				runtime.NumGoroutine(), m.Alloc/mega, m.TotalAlloc/mega, m.Sys/mega, m.NumGC)
+				runtime.NumGoroutine(), alloc/mega, totalAlloc/mega, sys/mega, stats.NumGC)
 		}
 	}()
 }

core/service/serviceconf.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stat"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/trace"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/internal/devserver"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/internal/profiling"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -37,6 +38,9 @@ type (
 		Prometheus prometheus.Config `json:",optional"`
 		Telemetry  trace.Config      `json:",optional"`
 		DevServer  DevServerConfig   `json:",optional"`
+		Shutdown   proc.ShutdownConf `json:",optional"`
+		// Profiling is the configuration for continuous profiling.
+		Profiling profiling.Config `json:",optional"`
 	}
 )
 
@@ -61,6 +65,7 @@ func (sc ServiceConf) SetUp() error {
 		sc.Telemetry.Name = sc.Name
 	}
 	trace.StartAgent(sc.Telemetry)
+	proc.Setup(sc.Shutdown)
 	proc.AddShutdownListener(func() {
 		trace.StopAgent()
 	})
@@ -68,7 +73,9 @@ func (sc ServiceConf) SetUp() error {
 	if len(sc.MetricsUrl) > 0 {
 		stat.SetReportWriter(stat.NewRemoteWriter(sc.MetricsUrl))
 	}
+
 	devserver.StartAgent(sc.DevServer)
+	profiling.Start(sc.Profiling)
 
 	return nil
 }

core/service/servicegroup.go

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"sync"
+
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/proc"
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
 )
 
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ type (
 // NewServiceGroup returns a ServiceGroup.
 func NewServiceGroup() *ServiceGroup {
 	sg := new(ServiceGroup)
-	sg.stopOnce = syncx.Once(sg.doStop)
+	sg.stopOnce = sync.OnceFunc(sg.doStop)
 	return sg
 }
 
@@ -76,9 +77,14 @@ func (sg *ServiceGroup) doStart() {
 }
 
 func (sg *ServiceGroup) doStop() {
+	group := threading.NewRoutineGroup()
 	for _, service := range sg.services {
-		service.Stop()
+		// new variable to avoid closure problems, can be removed after go 1.22
+		// see https://golang.org/doc/faq#closures_and_goroutines
+		service := service
+		group.Run(service.Stop)
 	}
+	group.Wait()
 }
 
 // WithStart wraps a start func as a Service.

core/stat/alert.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 const (
 	clusterNameKey = "CLUSTER_NAME"
 	testEnv        = "test.v"
-	timeFormat     = "2006-01-02 15:04:05"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ func Report(msg string) {
 	if fn != nil {
 		reported := lessExecutor.DoOrDiscard(func() {
 			var builder strings.Builder
-			builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintln(time.Now().Format(timeFormat)))
+			builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintln(time.Now().Format(time.DateTime)))
 			if len(clusterName) > 0 {
 				builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("cluster: %s\n", clusterName))
 			}

core/stat/usage.go

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 package stat
 
 import (
-	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"runtime/metrics"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
@@ -56,8 +57,28 @@ func bToMb(b uint64) float32 {
 }
 
 func printUsage() {
-	var m runtime.MemStats
-	runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+	var (
+		alloc, totalAlloc, sys uint64
+		samples                = []metrics.Sample{
+			{Name: "/memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes"},
+			{Name: "/gc/heap/allocs:bytes"},
+			{Name: "/memory/classes/total:bytes"},
+		}
+		stats debug.GCStats
+	)
+	metrics.Read(samples)
+
+	if samples[0].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+		alloc = samples[0].Value.Uint64()
+	}
+	if samples[1].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+		totalAlloc = samples[1].Value.Uint64()
+	}
+	if samples[2].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+		sys = samples[2].Value.Uint64()
+	}
+	debug.ReadGCStats(&stats)
+
 	logx.Statf("CPU: %dm, MEMORY: Alloc=%.1fMi, TotalAlloc=%.1fMi, Sys=%.1fMi, NumGC=%d",
-		CpuUsage(), bToMb(m.Alloc), bToMb(m.TotalAlloc), bToMb(m.Sys), m.NumGC)
+		CpuUsage(), bToMb(alloc), bToMb(totalAlloc), bToMb(sys), stats.NumGC)
 }

core/stores/mon/bulkinserter.go

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:generate mockgen -package mon -destination collectioninserter_mock.go -source bulkinserter.go collectionInserter
 package mon
 
 import (
@@ -6,7 +7,8 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/executors"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
-	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo/options"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -27,10 +29,7 @@ type (
 
 // NewBulkInserter returns a BulkInserter.
 func NewBulkInserter(coll Collection, interval ...time.Duration) (*BulkInserter, error) {
-	cloneColl, err := coll.Clone()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	cloneColl := coll.Clone()
 
 	inserter := &dbInserter{
 		collection: cloneColl,
@@ -64,8 +63,16 @@ func (bi *BulkInserter) SetResultHandler(handler ResultHandler) {
 	})
 }
 
+type collectionInserter interface {
+	InsertMany(
+		ctx context.Context,
+		documents interface{},
+		opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertManyOptions],
+	) (*mongo.InsertManyResult, error)
+}
+
 type dbInserter struct {
-	collection    *mongo.Collection
+	collection    collectionInserter
 	documents     []any
 	resultHandler ResultHandler
 }

core/stores/mon/bulkinserter_test.go

@@ -1,26 +1,131 @@
 package mon
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/bson"
-	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo"
-	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo/integration/mtest"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 )
 
-func TestBulkInserter(t *testing.T) {
-	mt := mtest.New(t, mtest.NewOptions().ClientType(mtest.Mock))
-	mt.Run("test", func(mt *mtest.T) {
-		mt.AddMockResponses(mtest.CreateSuccessResponse(bson.D{{Key: "ok", Value: 1}}...))
-		bulk, err := NewBulkInserter(createModel(mt).Collection)
-		assert.Equal(t, err, nil)
-		bulk.SetResultHandler(func(result *mongo.InsertManyResult, err error) {
-			assert.Nil(t, err)
-			assert.Equal(t, 2, len(result.InsertedIDs))
-		})
-		bulk.Insert(bson.D{{Key: "foo", Value: "bar"}})
-		bulk.Insert(bson.D{{Key: "foo", Value: "baz"}})
-		bulk.Flush()
+func TestBulkInserter_InsertAndFlush(t *testing.T) {
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	defer ctrl.Finish()
+	mockCollection := NewMockCollection(ctrl)
+	mockCollection.EXPECT().Clone().Return(&mongo.Collection{})
+	bulkInserter, err := NewBulkInserter(mockCollection, time.Second)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	bulkInserter.SetResultHandler(func(result *mongo.InsertManyResult, err error) {
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, len(result.InsertedIDs))
 	})
+	doc := map[string]interface{}{"name": "test"}
+	bulkInserter.Insert(doc)
+	bulkInserter.Flush()
+}
+
+func TestBulkInserter_SetResultHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	defer ctrl.Finish()
+	mockCollection := NewMockCollection(ctrl)
+	mockCollection.EXPECT().Clone().Return(nil)
+	bulkInserter, err := NewBulkInserter(mockCollection)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	mockHandler := func(result *mongo.InsertManyResult, err error) {}
+	bulkInserter.SetResultHandler(mockHandler)
+}
+
+func TestDbInserter_RemoveAll(t *testing.T) {
+	inserter := &dbInserter{}
+	inserter.documents = []interface{}{}
+	docs := inserter.RemoveAll()
+	assert.NotNil(t, docs)
+	assert.Empty(t, inserter.documents)
+}
+
+func Test_dbInserter_Execute(t *testing.T) {
+	type fields struct {
+		collection    collectionInserter
+		documents     []any
+		resultHandler ResultHandler
+	}
+	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+	defer ctrl.Finish()
+	mockCollection := NewMockcollectionInserter(ctrl)
+	type args struct {
+		objs any
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		fields fields
+		args   args
+		mock   func()
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "empty doc",
+			fields: fields{
+				collection:    nil,
+				documents:     nil,
+				resultHandler: nil,
+			},
+			args: args{
+				objs: make([]any, 0),
+			},
+			mock: func() {},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "result handler",
+			fields: fields{
+				collection: mockCollection,
+				resultHandler: func(result *mongo.InsertManyResult, err error) {
+					assert.NotNil(t, err)
+				},
+			},
+			args: args{
+				objs: make([]any, 1),
+			},
+			mock: func() {
+				mockCollection.EXPECT().InsertMany(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(&mongo.InsertManyResult{}, errors.New("error"))
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "normal error handler",
+			fields: fields{
+				collection:    mockCollection,
+				resultHandler: nil,
+			},
+			args: args{
+				objs: make([]any, 1),
+			},
+			mock: func() {
+				mockCollection.EXPECT().InsertMany(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(&mongo.InsertManyResult{}, errors.New("error"))
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "no error",
+			fields: fields{
+				collection:    mockCollection,
+				resultHandler: nil,
+			},
+			args: args{
+				objs: make([]any, 1),
+			},
+			mock: func() {
+				mockCollection.EXPECT().InsertMany(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(&mongo.InsertManyResult{}, nil)
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tt.mock()
+			in := &dbInserter{
+				collection:    tt.fields.collection,
+				documents:     tt.fields.documents,
+				resultHandler: tt.fields.resultHandler,
+			}
+			in.Execute(tt.args.objs)
+		})
+	}
 }

core/stores/mon/clientmanager.go

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
-	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo"
-	mopt "go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo/options"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo/options"
 )
 
 var clientManager = syncx.NewResourceManager()
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ func Inject(key string, client *mongo.Client) {
 
 func getClient(url string, opts ...Option) (*mongo.Client, error) {
 	val, err := clientManager.GetResource(url, func() (io.Closer, error) {
-		o := mopt.Client().ApplyURI(url)
+		o := options.Client().ApplyURI(url)
 		opts = append([]Option{defaultTimeoutOption()}, opts...)
 		for _, opt := range opts {
 			opt(o)
 		}
 
-		cli, err := mongo.Connect(context.Background(), o)
+		cli, err := mongo.Connect(o)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}

core/stores/mon/clientmanager_test.go

@@ -4,15 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo/integration/mtest"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo"
 )
 
 func TestClientManger_getClient(t *testing.T) {
-	mt := mtest.New(t, mtest.NewOptions().ClientType(mtest.Mock))
-	mt.Run("test", func(mt *mtest.T) {
-		Inject(mtest.ClusterURI(), mt.Client)
-		cli, err := getClient(mtest.ClusterURI())
-		assert.Nil(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, mt.Client, cli)
-	})
+	c := &mongo.Client{}
+	Inject("foo", c)
+	cli, err := getClient("foo")
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, c, cli)
 }

core/stores/mon/collection.go

@@ -1,21 +1,24 @@
+//go:generate mockgen -package mon -destination collection_mock.go -source collection.go Collection,monCollection
 package mon
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/breaker"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/errorx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/timex"
-	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo"
-	mopt "go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/mongo/options"
-	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/x/mongo/driver/session"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo/options"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/x/mongo/driver/session"
 )
 
 const (
 	defaultSlowThreshold = time.Millisecond * 500
 	// spanName is the span name of the mongo calls.
-	spanName = "mongo"
+	spanName         = "mongo"
+	duplicateKeyCode = 11000
 
 	// mongodb method names
 	aggregate              = "Aggregate"
@@ -45,79 +48,79 @@ type (
 	// Collection defines a MongoDB collection.
 	Collection interface {
 		// Aggregate executes an aggregation pipeline.
-		Aggregate(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...*mopt.AggregateOptions) (
+		Aggregate(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.AggregateOptions]) (
 			*mongo.Cursor, error)
 		// BulkWrite performs a bulk write operation.
-		BulkWrite(ctx context.Context, models []mongo.WriteModel, opts ...*mopt.BulkWriteOptions) (
+		BulkWrite(ctx context.Context, models []mongo.WriteModel, opts ...options.Lister[options.BulkWriteOptions]) (
 			*mongo.BulkWriteResult, error)
 		// Clone creates a copy of this collection with the same settings.
-		Clone(opts ...*mopt.CollectionOptions) (*mongo.Collection, error)
+		Clone(opts ...options.Lister[options.CollectionOptions]) *mongo.Collection
 		// CountDocuments returns the number of documents in the collection that match the filter.
-		CountDocuments(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...*mopt.CountOptions) (int64, error)
+		CountDocuments(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.CountOptions]) (int64, error)
 		// Database returns the database that this collection is a part of.
 		Database() *mongo.Database
 		// DeleteMany deletes documents from the collection that match the filter.
-		DeleteMany(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...*mopt.DeleteOptions) (
+		DeleteMany(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteManyOptions]) (
 			*mongo.DeleteResult, error)
 		// DeleteOne deletes at most one document from the collection that matches the filter.
-		DeleteOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...*mopt.DeleteOptions) (
+		DeleteOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteOneOptions]) (
 			*mongo.DeleteResult, error)
 		// Distinct returns a list of distinct values for the given key across the collection.
 		Distinct(ctx context.Context, fieldName string, filter any,
-			opts ...*mopt.DistinctOptions) ([]any, error)
+			opts ...options.Lister[options.DistinctOptions]) (*mongo.DistinctResult, error)
 		// Drop drops this collection from database.
-		Drop(ctx context.Context) error
+		Drop(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.DropCollectionOptions]) error
 		// EstimatedDocumentCount returns an estimate of the count of documents in a collection
 		// using collection metadata.
-		EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx context.Context, opts ...*mopt.EstimatedDocumentCountOptions) (int64, error)
+		EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.EstimatedDocumentCountOptions]) (int64, error)
 		// Find finds the documents matching the provided filter.
-		Find(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...*mopt.FindOptions) (*mongo.Cursor, error)
+		Find(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOptions]) (*mongo.Cursor, error)
 		// FindOne returns up to one document that matches the provided filter.
-		FindOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...*mopt.FindOneOptions) (
+		FindOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneOptions]) (
 			*mongo.SingleResult, error)
 		// FindOneAndDelete returns at most one document that matches the filter. If the filter
 		// matches multiple documents, only the first document is deleted.
-		FindOneAndDelete(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...*mopt.FindOneAndDeleteOptions) (
+		FindOneAndDelete(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndDeleteOptions]) (
 			*mongo.SingleResult, error)
 		// FindOneAndReplace returns at most one document that matches the filter. If the filter
 		// matches multiple documents, FindOneAndReplace returns the first document in the
 		// collection that matches the filter.
 		FindOneAndReplace(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any,
-			opts ...*mopt.FindOneAndReplaceOptions) (*mongo.SingleResult, error)
+			opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndReplaceOptions]) (*mongo.SingleResult, error)
 		// FindOneAndUpdate returns at most one document that matches the filter. If the filter
 		// matches multiple documents, FindOneAndUpdate returns the first document in the
 		// collection that matches the filter.
 		FindOneAndUpdate(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
-			opts ...*mopt.FindOneAndUpdateOptions) (*mongo.SingleResult, error)
+			opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndUpdateOptions]) (*mongo.SingleResult, error)
 		// Indexes returns the index view for this collection.
 		Indexes() mongo.IndexView
 		// InsertMany inserts the provided documents.
-		InsertMany(ctx context.Context, documents []any, opts ...*mopt.InsertManyOptions) (
+		InsertMany(ctx context.Context, documents []any, opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertManyOptions]) (
 			*mongo.InsertManyResult, error)
 		// InsertOne inserts the provided document.
-		InsertOne(ctx context.Context, document any, opts ...*mopt.InsertOneOptions) (
+		InsertOne(ctx context.Context, document any, opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertOneOptions]) (
 			*mongo.InsertOneResult, error)
 		// ReplaceOne replaces at most one document that matches the filter.
 		ReplaceOne(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any,
-			opts ...*mopt.ReplaceOptions) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
+			opts ...options.Lister[options.ReplaceOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
 		// UpdateByID updates a single document matching the provided filter.
 		UpdateByID(ctx context.Context, id, update any,
-			opts ...*mopt.UpdateOptions) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
+			opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
 		// UpdateMany updates the provided documents.
 		UpdateMany(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
-			opts ...*mopt.UpdateOptions) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
+			opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateManyOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
 		// UpdateOne updates a single document matching the provided filter.
 		UpdateOne(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
-			opts ...*mopt.UpdateOptions) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
+			opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
 		// Watch returns a change stream cursor used to receive notifications of changes to the collection.
-		Watch(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...*mopt.ChangeStreamOptions) (
+		Watch(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.ChangeStreamOptions]) (
 			*mongo.ChangeStream, error)
 	}
 
 	decoratedCollection struct {
-		*mongo.Collection
-		name string
-		brk  breaker.Breaker
+		Collection monCollection
+		name       string
+		brk        breaker.Breaker
 	}
 
 	keepablePromise struct {
@@ -135,7 +138,7 @@ func newCollection(collection *mongo.Collection, brk breaker.Breaker) Collection
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) Aggregate(ctx context.Context, pipeline any,
-	opts ...*mopt.AggregateOptions) (cur *mongo.Cursor, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.AggregateOptions]) (cur *mongo.Cursor, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, aggregate)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -155,7 +158,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) Aggregate(ctx context.Context, pipeline any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) BulkWrite(ctx context.Context, models []mongo.WriteModel,
-	opts ...*mopt.BulkWriteOptions) (res *mongo.BulkWriteResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.BulkWriteOptions]) (res *mongo.BulkWriteResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, bulkWrite)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -174,8 +177,12 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) BulkWrite(ctx context.Context, models []mongo.Writ
 	return
 }
 
+func (c *decoratedCollection) Clone(opts ...options.Lister[options.CollectionOptions]) *mongo.Collection {
+	return c.Collection.Clone(opts...)
+}
+
 func (c *decoratedCollection) CountDocuments(ctx context.Context, filter any,
-	opts ...*mopt.CountOptions) (count int64, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.CountOptions]) (count int64, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, countDocuments)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -194,8 +201,12 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) CountDocuments(ctx context.Context, filter any,
 	return
 }
 
+func (c *decoratedCollection) Database() *mongo.Database {
+	return c.Collection.Database()
+}
+
 func (c *decoratedCollection) DeleteMany(ctx context.Context, filter any,
-	opts ...*mopt.DeleteOptions) (res *mongo.DeleteResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteManyOptions]) (res *mongo.DeleteResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, deleteMany)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -215,7 +226,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) DeleteMany(ctx context.Context, filter any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) DeleteOne(ctx context.Context, filter any,
-	opts ...*mopt.DeleteOptions) (res *mongo.DeleteResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteOneOptions]) (res *mongo.DeleteResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, deleteOne)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -235,7 +246,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) DeleteOne(ctx context.Context, filter any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) Distinct(ctx context.Context, fieldName string, filter any,
-	opts ...*mopt.DistinctOptions) (val []any, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.DistinctOptions]) (res *mongo.DistinctResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, distinct)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -247,15 +258,20 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) Distinct(ctx context.Context, fieldName string, fi
 			c.logDurationSimple(ctx, distinct, startTime, err)
 		}()
 
-		val, err = c.Collection.Distinct(ctx, fieldName, filter, opts...)
+		res = c.Collection.Distinct(ctx, fieldName, filter, opts...)
+		err = res.Err()
 		return err
 	}, acceptable)
 
 	return
 }
 
+func (c *decoratedCollection) Drop(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.DropCollectionOptions]) error {
+	return c.Collection.Drop(ctx, opts...)
+}
+
 func (c *decoratedCollection) EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx context.Context,
-	opts ...*mopt.EstimatedDocumentCountOptions) (val int64, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.EstimatedDocumentCountOptions]) (val int64, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, estimatedDocumentCount)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -275,7 +291,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx context.Context,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) Find(ctx context.Context, filter any,
-	opts ...*mopt.FindOptions) (cur *mongo.Cursor, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOptions]) (cur *mongo.Cursor, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, find)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -295,7 +311,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) Find(ctx context.Context, filter any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) FindOne(ctx context.Context, filter any,
-	opts ...*mopt.FindOneOptions) (res *mongo.SingleResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneOptions]) (res *mongo.SingleResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, findOne)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -316,7 +332,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) FindOne(ctx context.Context, filter any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) FindOneAndDelete(ctx context.Context, filter any,
-	opts ...*mopt.FindOneAndDeleteOptions) (res *mongo.SingleResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndDeleteOptions]) (res *mongo.SingleResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, findOneAndDelete)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -337,7 +353,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) FindOneAndDelete(ctx context.Context, filter any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) FindOneAndReplace(ctx context.Context, filter any,
-	replacement any, opts ...*mopt.FindOneAndReplaceOptions) (
+	replacement any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndReplaceOptions]) (
 	res *mongo.SingleResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, findOneAndReplace)
 	defer func() {
@@ -359,7 +375,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) FindOneAndReplace(ctx context.Context, filter any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) FindOneAndUpdate(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
-	opts ...*mopt.FindOneAndUpdateOptions) (res *mongo.SingleResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndUpdateOptions]) (res *mongo.SingleResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, findOneAndUpdate)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -379,8 +395,12 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) FindOneAndUpdate(ctx context.Context, filter, upda
 	return
 }
 
+func (c *decoratedCollection) Indexes() mongo.IndexView {
+	return c.Collection.Indexes()
+}
+
 func (c *decoratedCollection) InsertMany(ctx context.Context, documents []any,
-	opts ...*mopt.InsertManyOptions) (res *mongo.InsertManyResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertManyOptions]) (res *mongo.InsertManyResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, insertMany)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -400,7 +420,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) InsertMany(ctx context.Context, documents []any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) InsertOne(ctx context.Context, document any,
-	opts ...*mopt.InsertOneOptions) (res *mongo.InsertOneResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertOneOptions]) (res *mongo.InsertOneResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, insertOne)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -420,7 +440,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) InsertOne(ctx context.Context, document any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) ReplaceOne(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any,
-	opts ...*mopt.ReplaceOptions) (res *mongo.UpdateResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.ReplaceOptions]) (res *mongo.UpdateResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, replaceOne)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -440,7 +460,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) ReplaceOne(ctx context.Context, filter, replacemen
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) UpdateByID(ctx context.Context, id, update any,
-	opts ...*mopt.UpdateOptions) (res *mongo.UpdateResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (res *mongo.UpdateResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, updateByID)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -460,7 +480,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) UpdateByID(ctx context.Context, id, update any,
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) UpdateMany(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
-	opts ...*mopt.UpdateOptions) (res *mongo.UpdateResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateManyOptions]) (res *mongo.UpdateResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, updateMany)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -480,7 +500,7 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) UpdateMany(ctx context.Context, filter, update any
 }
 
 func (c *decoratedCollection) UpdateOne(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
-	opts ...*mopt.UpdateOptions) (res *mongo.UpdateResult, err error) {
+	opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (res *mongo.UpdateResult, err error) {
 	ctx, span := startSpan(ctx, updateOne)
 	defer func() {
 		endSpan(span, err)
@@ -499,6 +519,11 @@ func (c *decoratedCollection) UpdateOne(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
 	return
 }
 
+func (c *decoratedCollection) Watch(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.ChangeStreamOptions]) (
+	*mongo.ChangeStream, error) {
+	return c.Collection.Watch(ctx, pipeline, opts...)
+}
+
 func (c *decoratedCollection) logDuration(ctx context.Context, method string,
 	startTime time.Duration, err error, docs ...any) {
 	logDurationWithDocs(ctx, c.name, method, startTime, err, docs...)
@@ -527,10 +552,88 @@ func (p keepablePromise) keep(err error) error {
 }
 
 func acceptable(err error) bool {
-	return err == nil || errorx.In(err, mongo.ErrNoDocuments, mongo.ErrNilValue,
-		mongo.ErrNilDocument, mongo.ErrNilCursor, mongo.ErrEmptySlice,
-		// session errors
-		session.ErrSessionEnded, session.ErrNoTransactStarted, session.ErrTransactInProgress,
-		session.ErrAbortAfterCommit, session.ErrAbortTwice, session.ErrCommitAfterAbort,
-		session.ErrUnackWCUnsupported, session.ErrSnapshotTransaction)
+	return err == nil || isDupKeyError(err) ||
+		errorx.In(err, mongo.ErrNoDocuments, mongo.ErrNilValue,
+			mongo.ErrNilDocument, mongo.ErrNilCursor, mongo.ErrEmptySlice,
+			// session errors
+			session.ErrSessionEnded, session.ErrNoTransactStarted, session.ErrTransactInProgress,
+			session.ErrAbortAfterCommit, session.ErrAbortTwice, session.ErrCommitAfterAbort,
+			session.ErrUnackWCUnsupported, session.ErrSnapshotTransaction)
+}
+
+func isDupKeyError(err error) bool {
+	var e mongo.WriteException
+	if !errors.As(err, &e) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return e.HasErrorCode(duplicateKeyCode)
+}
+
+// monCollection defines a MongoDB collection, used for unit test
+type monCollection interface {
+	// Aggregate executes an aggregation pipeline.
+	Aggregate(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.AggregateOptions]) (
+		*mongo.Cursor, error)
+	// BulkWrite performs a bulk write operation.
+	BulkWrite(ctx context.Context, models []mongo.WriteModel, opts ...options.Lister[options.BulkWriteOptions]) (
+		*mongo.BulkWriteResult, error)
+	// Clone creates a copy of this collection with the same settings.
+	Clone(opts ...options.Lister[options.CollectionOptions]) *mongo.Collection
+	// CountDocuments returns the number of documents in the collection that match the filter.
+	CountDocuments(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.CountOptions]) (int64, error)
+	// Database returns the database that this collection is a part of.
+	Database() *mongo.Database
+	// DeleteMany deletes documents from the collection that match the filter.
+	DeleteMany(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteManyOptions]) (
+		*mongo.DeleteResult, error)
+	// DeleteOne deletes at most one document from the collection that matches the filter.
+	DeleteOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteOneOptions]) (
+		*mongo.DeleteResult, error)
+	// Distinct returns a list of distinct values for the given key across the collection.
+	Distinct(ctx context.Context, fieldName string, filter any,
+		opts ...options.Lister[options.DistinctOptions]) *mongo.DistinctResult
+	// Drop drops this collection from database.
+	Drop(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.DropCollectionOptions]) error
+	// EstimatedDocumentCount returns an estimate of the count of documents in a collection
+	// using collection metadata.
+	EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.EstimatedDocumentCountOptions]) (int64, error)
+	// Find finds the documents matching the provided filter.
+	Find(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOptions]) (*mongo.Cursor, error)
+	// FindOne returns up to one document that matches the provided filter.
+	FindOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneOptions]) *mongo.SingleResult
+	// FindOneAndDelete returns at most one document that matches the filter. If the filter
+	// matches multiple documents, only the first document is deleted.
+	FindOneAndDelete(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndDeleteOptions]) *mongo.SingleResult
+	// FindOneAndReplace returns at most one document that matches the filter. If the filter
+	// matches multiple documents, FindOneAndReplace returns the first document in the
+	// collection that matches the filter.
+	FindOneAndReplace(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any,
+		opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndReplaceOptions]) *mongo.SingleResult
+	// FindOneAndUpdate returns at most one document that matches the filter. If the filter
+	// matches multiple documents, FindOneAndUpdate returns the first document in the
+	// collection that matches the filter.
+	FindOneAndUpdate(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
+		opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndUpdateOptions]) *mongo.SingleResult
+	// Indexes returns the index view for this collection.
+	Indexes() mongo.IndexView
+	// InsertMany inserts the provided documents.
+	InsertMany(ctx context.Context, documents interface{}, opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertManyOptions]) (*mongo.InsertManyResult, error)
+	// InsertOne inserts the provided document.
+	InsertOne(ctx context.Context, document any, opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertOneOptions]) (*mongo.InsertOneResult, error)
+	// ReplaceOne replaces at most one document that matches the filter.
+	ReplaceOne(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any,
+		opts ...options.Lister[options.ReplaceOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
+	// UpdateByID updates a single document matching the provided filter.
+	UpdateByID(ctx context.Context, id, update any,
+		opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
+	// UpdateMany updates the provided documents.
+	UpdateMany(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
+		opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateManyOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
+	// UpdateOne updates a single document matching the provided filter.
+	UpdateOne(ctx context.Context, filter, update any,
+		opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error)
+	// Watch returns a change stream cursor used to receive notifications of changes to the collection.
+	Watch(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.ChangeStreamOptions]) (
+		*mongo.ChangeStream, error)
 }

core/stores/mon/collection_mock.go

@@ -0,0 +1,952 @@
+// Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Source: collection.go
+//
+// Generated by this command:
+//
+//	mockgen -package mon -destination collection_mock.go -source collection.go Collection,monCollection
+//
+
+// Package mon is a generated GoMock package.
+package mon
+
+import (
+	context "context"
+	reflect "reflect"
+
+	mongo "go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo"
+	options "go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/mongo/options"
+	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
+)
+
+// MockCollection is a mock of Collection interface.
+type MockCollection struct {
+	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
+	recorder *MockCollectionMockRecorder
+	isgomock struct{}
+}
+
+// MockCollectionMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockCollection.
+type MockCollectionMockRecorder struct {
+	mock *MockCollection
+}
+
+// NewMockCollection creates a new mock instance.
+func NewMockCollection(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockCollection {
+	mock := &MockCollection{ctrl: ctrl}
+	mock.recorder = &MockCollectionMockRecorder{mock}
+	return mock
+}
+
+// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
+func (m *MockCollection) EXPECT() *MockCollectionMockRecorder {
+	return m.recorder
+}
+
+// Aggregate mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) Aggregate(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.AggregateOptions]) (*mongo.Cursor, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, pipeline}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Aggregate", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.Cursor)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// Aggregate indicates an expected call of Aggregate.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) Aggregate(ctx, pipeline any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, pipeline}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Aggregate", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).Aggregate), varargs...)
+}
+
+// BulkWrite mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) BulkWrite(ctx context.Context, models []mongo.WriteModel, opts ...options.Lister[options.BulkWriteOptions]) (*mongo.BulkWriteResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, models}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "BulkWrite", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.BulkWriteResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// BulkWrite indicates an expected call of BulkWrite.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) BulkWrite(ctx, models any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, models}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "BulkWrite", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).BulkWrite), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Clone mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) Clone(opts ...options.Lister[options.CollectionOptions]) *mongo.Collection {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Clone", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.Collection)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Clone indicates an expected call of Clone.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) Clone(opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Clone", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).Clone), opts...)
+}
+
+// CountDocuments mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) CountDocuments(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.CountOptions]) (int64, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "CountDocuments", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(int64)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// CountDocuments indicates an expected call of CountDocuments.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) CountDocuments(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "CountDocuments", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).CountDocuments), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Database mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) Database() *mongo.Database {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Database")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.Database)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Database indicates an expected call of Database.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) Database() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Database", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).Database))
+}
+
+// DeleteMany mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) DeleteMany(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteManyOptions]) (*mongo.DeleteResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "DeleteMany", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.DeleteResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// DeleteMany indicates an expected call of DeleteMany.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) DeleteMany(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "DeleteMany", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).DeleteMany), varargs...)
+}
+
+// DeleteOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) DeleteOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteOneOptions]) (*mongo.DeleteResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "DeleteOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.DeleteResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// DeleteOne indicates an expected call of DeleteOne.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) DeleteOne(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "DeleteOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).DeleteOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Distinct mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) Distinct(ctx context.Context, fieldName string, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DistinctOptions]) (*mongo.DistinctResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, fieldName, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Distinct", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.DistinctResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// Distinct indicates an expected call of Distinct.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) Distinct(ctx, fieldName, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, fieldName, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Distinct", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).Distinct), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Drop mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) Drop(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.DropCollectionOptions]) error {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Drop", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Drop indicates an expected call of Drop.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) Drop(ctx any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Drop", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).Drop), varargs...)
+}
+
+// EstimatedDocumentCount mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.EstimatedDocumentCountOptions]) (int64, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "EstimatedDocumentCount", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(int64)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// EstimatedDocumentCount indicates an expected call of EstimatedDocumentCount.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "EstimatedDocumentCount", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).EstimatedDocumentCount), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Find mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) Find(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOptions]) (*mongo.Cursor, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Find", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.Cursor)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// Find indicates an expected call of Find.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) Find(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Find", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).Find), varargs...)
+}
+
+// FindOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) FindOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneOptions]) (*mongo.SingleResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "FindOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.SingleResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// FindOne indicates an expected call of FindOne.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) FindOne(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "FindOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).FindOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// FindOneAndDelete mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) FindOneAndDelete(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndDeleteOptions]) (*mongo.SingleResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "FindOneAndDelete", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.SingleResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// FindOneAndDelete indicates an expected call of FindOneAndDelete.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) FindOneAndDelete(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "FindOneAndDelete", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).FindOneAndDelete), varargs...)
+}
+
+// FindOneAndReplace mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) FindOneAndReplace(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndReplaceOptions]) (*mongo.SingleResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, replacement}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "FindOneAndReplace", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.SingleResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// FindOneAndReplace indicates an expected call of FindOneAndReplace.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) FindOneAndReplace(ctx, filter, replacement any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, replacement}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "FindOneAndReplace", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).FindOneAndReplace), varargs...)
+}
+
+// FindOneAndUpdate mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) FindOneAndUpdate(ctx context.Context, filter, update any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndUpdateOptions]) (*mongo.SingleResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, update}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "FindOneAndUpdate", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.SingleResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// FindOneAndUpdate indicates an expected call of FindOneAndUpdate.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) FindOneAndUpdate(ctx, filter, update any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, update}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "FindOneAndUpdate", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).FindOneAndUpdate), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Indexes mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) Indexes() mongo.IndexView {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Indexes")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(mongo.IndexView)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Indexes indicates an expected call of Indexes.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) Indexes() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Indexes", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).Indexes))
+}
+
+// InsertMany mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) InsertMany(ctx context.Context, documents []any, opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertManyOptions]) (*mongo.InsertManyResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, documents}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "InsertMany", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.InsertManyResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// InsertMany indicates an expected call of InsertMany.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) InsertMany(ctx, documents any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, documents}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "InsertMany", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).InsertMany), varargs...)
+}
+
+// InsertOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) InsertOne(ctx context.Context, document any, opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertOneOptions]) (*mongo.InsertOneResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, document}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "InsertOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.InsertOneResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// InsertOne indicates an expected call of InsertOne.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) InsertOne(ctx, document any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, document}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "InsertOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).InsertOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// ReplaceOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) ReplaceOne(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any, opts ...options.Lister[options.ReplaceOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, replacement}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "ReplaceOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.UpdateResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// ReplaceOne indicates an expected call of ReplaceOne.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) ReplaceOne(ctx, filter, replacement any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, replacement}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ReplaceOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).ReplaceOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// UpdateByID mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) UpdateByID(ctx context.Context, id, update any, opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, id, update}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "UpdateByID", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.UpdateResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// UpdateByID indicates an expected call of UpdateByID.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) UpdateByID(ctx, id, update any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, id, update}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "UpdateByID", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).UpdateByID), varargs...)
+}
+
+// UpdateMany mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) UpdateMany(ctx context.Context, filter, update any, opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateManyOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, update}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "UpdateMany", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.UpdateResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// UpdateMany indicates an expected call of UpdateMany.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) UpdateMany(ctx, filter, update any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, update}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "UpdateMany", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).UpdateMany), varargs...)
+}
+
+// UpdateOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) UpdateOne(ctx context.Context, filter, update any, opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, update}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "UpdateOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.UpdateResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// UpdateOne indicates an expected call of UpdateOne.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) UpdateOne(ctx, filter, update any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, update}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "UpdateOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).UpdateOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Watch mocks base method.
+func (m *MockCollection) Watch(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.ChangeStreamOptions]) (*mongo.ChangeStream, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, pipeline}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Watch", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.ChangeStream)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// Watch indicates an expected call of Watch.
+func (mr *MockCollectionMockRecorder) Watch(ctx, pipeline any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, pipeline}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Watch", reflect.TypeOf((*MockCollection)(nil).Watch), varargs...)
+}
+
+// MockmonCollection is a mock of monCollection interface.
+type MockmonCollection struct {
+	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
+	recorder *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder
+	isgomock struct{}
+}
+
+// MockmonCollectionMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockmonCollection.
+type MockmonCollectionMockRecorder struct {
+	mock *MockmonCollection
+}
+
+// NewMockmonCollection creates a new mock instance.
+func NewMockmonCollection(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockmonCollection {
+	mock := &MockmonCollection{ctrl: ctrl}
+	mock.recorder = &MockmonCollectionMockRecorder{mock}
+	return mock
+}
+
+// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) EXPECT() *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder {
+	return m.recorder
+}
+
+// Aggregate mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) Aggregate(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.AggregateOptions]) (*mongo.Cursor, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, pipeline}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Aggregate", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.Cursor)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// Aggregate indicates an expected call of Aggregate.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) Aggregate(ctx, pipeline any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, pipeline}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Aggregate", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).Aggregate), varargs...)
+}
+
+// BulkWrite mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) BulkWrite(ctx context.Context, models []mongo.WriteModel, opts ...options.Lister[options.BulkWriteOptions]) (*mongo.BulkWriteResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, models}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "BulkWrite", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.BulkWriteResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// BulkWrite indicates an expected call of BulkWrite.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) BulkWrite(ctx, models any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, models}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "BulkWrite", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).BulkWrite), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Clone mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) Clone(opts ...options.Lister[options.CollectionOptions]) *mongo.Collection {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Clone", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.Collection)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Clone indicates an expected call of Clone.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) Clone(opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Clone", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).Clone), opts...)
+}
+
+// CountDocuments mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) CountDocuments(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.CountOptions]) (int64, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "CountDocuments", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(int64)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// CountDocuments indicates an expected call of CountDocuments.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) CountDocuments(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "CountDocuments", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).CountDocuments), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Database mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) Database() *mongo.Database {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Database")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.Database)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Database indicates an expected call of Database.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) Database() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Database", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).Database))
+}
+
+// DeleteMany mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) DeleteMany(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteManyOptions]) (*mongo.DeleteResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "DeleteMany", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.DeleteResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// DeleteMany indicates an expected call of DeleteMany.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) DeleteMany(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "DeleteMany", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).DeleteMany), varargs...)
+}
+
+// DeleteOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) DeleteOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DeleteOneOptions]) (*mongo.DeleteResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "DeleteOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.DeleteResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// DeleteOne indicates an expected call of DeleteOne.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) DeleteOne(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "DeleteOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).DeleteOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Distinct mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) Distinct(ctx context.Context, fieldName string, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.DistinctOptions]) *mongo.DistinctResult {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, fieldName, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Distinct", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.DistinctResult)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Distinct indicates an expected call of Distinct.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) Distinct(ctx, fieldName, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, fieldName, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Distinct", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).Distinct), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Drop mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) Drop(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.DropCollectionOptions]) error {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Drop", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Drop indicates an expected call of Drop.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) Drop(ctx any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Drop", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).Drop), varargs...)
+}
+
+// EstimatedDocumentCount mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx context.Context, opts ...options.Lister[options.EstimatedDocumentCountOptions]) (int64, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "EstimatedDocumentCount", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(int64)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// EstimatedDocumentCount indicates an expected call of EstimatedDocumentCount.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) EstimatedDocumentCount(ctx any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "EstimatedDocumentCount", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).EstimatedDocumentCount), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Find mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) Find(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOptions]) (*mongo.Cursor, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Find", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.Cursor)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// Find indicates an expected call of Find.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) Find(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Find", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).Find), varargs...)
+}
+
+// FindOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) FindOne(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneOptions]) *mongo.SingleResult {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "FindOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.SingleResult)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// FindOne indicates an expected call of FindOne.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) FindOne(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "FindOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).FindOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// FindOneAndDelete mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) FindOneAndDelete(ctx context.Context, filter any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndDeleteOptions]) *mongo.SingleResult {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "FindOneAndDelete", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.SingleResult)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// FindOneAndDelete indicates an expected call of FindOneAndDelete.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) FindOneAndDelete(ctx, filter any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "FindOneAndDelete", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).FindOneAndDelete), varargs...)
+}
+
+// FindOneAndReplace mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) FindOneAndReplace(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndReplaceOptions]) *mongo.SingleResult {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, replacement}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "FindOneAndReplace", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.SingleResult)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// FindOneAndReplace indicates an expected call of FindOneAndReplace.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) FindOneAndReplace(ctx, filter, replacement any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, replacement}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "FindOneAndReplace", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).FindOneAndReplace), varargs...)
+}
+
+// FindOneAndUpdate mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) FindOneAndUpdate(ctx context.Context, filter, update any, opts ...options.Lister[options.FindOneAndUpdateOptions]) *mongo.SingleResult {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, update}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "FindOneAndUpdate", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.SingleResult)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// FindOneAndUpdate indicates an expected call of FindOneAndUpdate.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) FindOneAndUpdate(ctx, filter, update any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, update}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "FindOneAndUpdate", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).FindOneAndUpdate), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Indexes mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) Indexes() mongo.IndexView {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Indexes")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(mongo.IndexView)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// Indexes indicates an expected call of Indexes.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) Indexes() *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Indexes", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).Indexes))
+}
+
+// InsertMany mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) InsertMany(ctx context.Context, documents any, opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertManyOptions]) (*mongo.InsertManyResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, documents}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "InsertMany", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.InsertManyResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// InsertMany indicates an expected call of InsertMany.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) InsertMany(ctx, documents any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, documents}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "InsertMany", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).InsertMany), varargs...)
+}
+
+// InsertOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) InsertOne(ctx context.Context, document any, opts ...options.Lister[options.InsertOneOptions]) (*mongo.InsertOneResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, document}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "InsertOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.InsertOneResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// InsertOne indicates an expected call of InsertOne.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) InsertOne(ctx, document any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, document}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "InsertOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).InsertOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// ReplaceOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) ReplaceOne(ctx context.Context, filter, replacement any, opts ...options.Lister[options.ReplaceOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, replacement}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "ReplaceOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.UpdateResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// ReplaceOne indicates an expected call of ReplaceOne.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) ReplaceOne(ctx, filter, replacement any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, replacement}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ReplaceOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).ReplaceOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// UpdateByID mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) UpdateByID(ctx context.Context, id, update any, opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, id, update}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "UpdateByID", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.UpdateResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// UpdateByID indicates an expected call of UpdateByID.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) UpdateByID(ctx, id, update any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, id, update}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "UpdateByID", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).UpdateByID), varargs...)
+}
+
+// UpdateMany mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) UpdateMany(ctx context.Context, filter, update any, opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateManyOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, update}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "UpdateMany", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.UpdateResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// UpdateMany indicates an expected call of UpdateMany.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) UpdateMany(ctx, filter, update any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, update}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "UpdateMany", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).UpdateMany), varargs...)
+}
+
+// UpdateOne mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) UpdateOne(ctx context.Context, filter, update any, opts ...options.Lister[options.UpdateOneOptions]) (*mongo.UpdateResult, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, filter, update}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "UpdateOne", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.UpdateResult)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// UpdateOne indicates an expected call of UpdateOne.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) UpdateOne(ctx, filter, update any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, filter, update}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "UpdateOne", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).UpdateOne), varargs...)
+}
+
+// Watch mocks base method.
+func (m *MockmonCollection) Watch(ctx context.Context, pipeline any, opts ...options.Lister[options.ChangeStreamOptions]) (*mongo.ChangeStream, error) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{ctx, pipeline}
+	for _, a := range opts {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Watch", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*mongo.ChangeStream)
+	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
+	return ret0, ret1
+}
+
+// Watch indicates an expected call of Watch.
+func (mr *MockmonCollectionMockRecorder) Watch(ctx, pipeline any, opts ...any) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := append([]any{ctx, pipeline}, opts...)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Watch", reflect.TypeOf((*MockmonCollection)(nil).Watch), varargs...)
+}