fix(zrpc): fix slow threshold priority in stat interceptor (#5310)

Co-authored-by: qiuwenhao <qiushaotest@qq.com>

.github/copilot-instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# GitHub Copilot Instructions for go-zero
+
+This document provides guidelines for GitHub Copilot when assisting with development in the go-zero project.
+
+## Project Overview
+
+go-zero is a web and RPC framework with lots of built-in engineering practices designed to ensure the stability of busy services with resilience design. It has been serving sites with tens of millions of users for years.
+
+### Key Architecture Components
+
+- **REST API framework** (`rest/`) - HTTP service framework with middleware chain support
+- **RPC framework** (`zrpc/`) - gRPC-based RPC framework with etcd service discovery and p2c_ewma load balancing
+- **Gateway** (`gateway/`) - API gateway supporting both HTTP and gRPC upstreams with proto-based routing
+- **MCP Server** (`mcp/`) - Model Context Protocol server for AI agent integration via SSE
+- **Core utilities** (`core/`) - Production-grade components:
+  - Resilience: circuit breakers (`breaker/`), rate limiters (`limit/`), adaptive load shedding (`load/`)
+  - Storage: SQL with cache (`stores/sqlc/`), Redis (`stores/redis/`), MongoDB (`stores/mongo/`)
+  - Concurrency: MapReduce (`mr/`), worker pools (`executors/`), sync primitives (`syncx/`)
+  - Observability: metrics (`metric/`), tracing (`trace/`), structured logging (`logx/`)
+- **Code generation tool** (`tools/goctl/`) - CLI tool for generating Go code from `.api` and `.proto` files
+
+## Coding Standards and Conventions
+
+### Code Style
+
+1. **Follow Go conventions**: Use `gofmt` for formatting, follow effective Go practices
+2. **Package naming**: Use lowercase, single-word package names when possible
+3. **Error handling**: Always handle errors explicitly, use `errorx.BatchError` for multiple errors
+4. **Context propagation**: Always pass `context.Context` as the first parameter for functions that may block
+5. **Configuration structures**: Use struct tags with JSON annotations, defaults, and validation
+
+**Pattern**: All service configs embed `service.ServiceConf` for common fields (Name, Log, Mode, Telemetry)
+```go
+type Config struct {
+    service.ServiceConf              // Always embed for services
+    Host     string `json:",default=0.0.0.0"`
+    Port     int    // Required field (no default)
+    Timeout  int64  `json:",default=3000"`  // Timeouts in milliseconds
+    Optional string `json:",optional"`      // Optional field
+    Mode     string `json:",default=pro,options=dev|test|rt|pre|pro"`  // Validated options
+}
+```
+
+**Service modes**: `dev`/`test`/`rt` disable load shedding and stats; `pre`/`pro` enable all resilience features
+
+### Interface Design
+
+1. **Small interfaces**: Follow Go's preference for small, focused interfaces
+2. **Context methods**: Provide both context and non-context versions of methods
+3. **Options pattern**: Use functional options for complex configuration
+
+Example:
+```go
+func (c *Client) Get(key string, val any) error {
+    return c.GetCtx(context.Background(), key, val)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) GetCtx(ctx context.Context, key string, val any) error {
+    // implementation
+}
+```
+
+### Testing Patterns
+
+1. **Test file naming**: Use `*_test.go` suffix
+2. **Test function naming**: Use `TestFunctionName` pattern
+3. **Use testify/assert**: Prefer `assert` package for assertions
+4. **Table-driven tests**: Use table-driven tests for multiple scenarios
+5. **Mock interfaces**: Use `go.uber.org/mock` for mocking
+6. **Test helpers**: Use `redistest`, `mongtest` helpers for database testing
+
+Example test pattern:
+```go
+func TestSomething(t *testing.T) {
+    tests := []struct {
+        name     string
+        input    string
+        expected string
+        wantErr  bool
+    }{
+        {"valid case", "input", "output", false},
+        {"error case", "bad", "", true},
+    }
+
+    for _, tt := range tests {
+        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+            result, err := SomeFunction(tt.input)
+            if tt.wantErr {
+                assert.Error(t, err)
+                return
+            }
+            assert.NoError(t, err)
+            assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+        })
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Framework-Specific Guidelines
+
+### REST API Development
+
+1. **API Definition**: Use `.api` files to define REST APIs with goctl codegen
+2. **Handler pattern**: Separate business logic into logic packages (handlers call logic layer)
+3. **Middleware chain**: Middlewares wrap via `chain.Chain` interface - use `Append()` or `Prepend()` to control order
+   - Built-in middlewares (all in `rest/handler/`): tracing, logging, metrics, recovery, breaker, shedding, timeout, maxconns, maxbytes, gunzip
+   - Custom middleware: `func(http.Handler) http.Handler` - call `next.ServeHTTP(w, r)` to continue chain
+4. **Response handling**: Use `httpx.WriteJson(w, code, v)` for JSON responses
+5. **Error handling**: Use `httpx.Error(w, err)` or `httpx.ErrorCtx(ctx, w, err)` for HTTP error responses
+6. **Route registration**: Routes defined with `Method`, `Path`, and `Handler` - wildcards use `:param` syntax
+
+### RPC Development
+
+1. **Protocol Buffers**: Use protobuf for service definitions, generate code with goctl
+2. **Service discovery**: Use etcd for dynamic service registration/discovery, or direct endpoints for static routing
+3. **Load balancing**: Default is `p2c_ewma` (power of 2 choices with EWMA), configurable via `BalancerName`
+4. **Client configuration**: Support `Etcd`, `Endpoints`, or `Target` - use `BuildTarget()` to construct connection string
+5. **Interceptors**: Implement gRPC interceptors for cross-cutting concerns (auth, logging, metrics)
+6. **Health checks**: gRPC health checks enabled by default (`Health: true`)
+
+### Database Operations
+
+1. **SQL operations**: Use `sqlx.SqlConn` interface - methods always end with `Ctx` for context support
+2. **Caching pattern**: `stores/sqlc` provides `CachedConn` for automatic cache-aside pattern
+   - `QueryRowCtx`: Query with cache key, auto-populate on cache miss
+   - `ExecCtx`: Execute and delete cache keys
+3. **Transactions**: Use `sqlx.SqlConn.TransactCtx()` to get transaction session
+4. **Connection pooling**: Managed automatically (64 max idle/open, 1min lifetime)
+5. **Test helpers**: Use `redistest.CreateRedis(t)` for Redis, SQL mocks for DB testing
+
+Example cache pattern:
+```go
+err := c.QueryRowCtx(ctx, &dest, key, func(ctx context.Context, conn sqlx.SqlConn) error {
+    return conn.QueryRowCtx(ctx, &dest, query, args...)
+})
+```
+
+### Configuration Management
+
+1. **YAML configuration**: Use YAML for configuration files
+2. **Environment variables**: Support environment variable overrides
+3. **Validation**: Include proper validation for configuration parameters
+4. **Sensible defaults**: Provide reasonable default values
+
+## Error Handling Best Practices
+
+1. **Wrap errors**: Use `fmt.Errorf` with `%w` verb to wrap errors
+2. **Custom errors**: Define custom error types when needed
+3. **Error logging**: Log errors appropriately with context
+4. **Graceful degradation**: Implement fallback mechanisms
+
+## Performance Considerations
+
+1. **Resource pools**: Use connection pools and worker pools
+2. **Circuit breakers**: Implement circuit breaker patterns for external calls
+3. **Rate limiting**: Apply rate limiting to protect services
+4. **Load shedding**: Implement adaptive load shedding
+5. **Metrics**: Add appropriate metrics and monitoring
+
+## Security Guidelines
+
+1. **Input validation**: Validate all input parameters
+2. **SQL injection prevention**: Use parameterized queries
+3. **Authentication**: Implement proper JWT token handling
+4. **HTTPS**: Support TLS/HTTPS configurations
+5. **CORS**: Configure CORS appropriately for web APIs
+
+## Documentation Standards
+
+1. **Package documentation**: Include package-level documentation
+2. **Function documentation**: Document exported functions with examples
+3. **API documentation**: Maintain API documentation in sync
+4. **README updates**: Update README for significant changes
+
+## Common Patterns to Follow
+
+### Service Configuration
+```go
+type ServiceConf struct {
+    Name string
+    Log  logx.LogConf
+    Mode string `json:",default=pro,options=[dev,test,pre,pro]"`
+    // ... other common fields
+}
+```
+
+### Middleware Implementation
+```go
+func SomeMiddleware() rest.Middleware {
+    return func(next http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
+        return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+            // Pre-processing
+            next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+            // Post-processing
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Resource Management
+Always implement proper resource cleanup using defer and context cancellation.
+
+## Build and Test Commands
+
+- Build: `go build ./...`
+- Test: `go test ./...`  
+- Test with race detection: `go test -race ./...`
+- Format: `gofmt -w .`
+- Code generation:
+  - REST API: `goctl api go -api *.api -dir .`
+  - RPC: `goctl rpc protoc *.proto --go_out=. --go-grpc_out=. --zrpc_out=.`
+  - Model from SQL: `goctl model mysql datasource -url="user:pass@tcp(host:port)/db" -table="*" -dir="./model"`
+
+## Critical Architecture Patterns
+
+### Resilience Design Philosophy
+go-zero implements defense-in-depth with multiple protection layers:
+1. **Circuit Breaker** (`core/breaker`): Google SRE breaker - tracks success/failure, opens on error threshold
+2. **Adaptive Load Shedding** (`core/load`): CPU-based auto-rejection when system overloaded (disabled in dev/test/rt modes)
+3. **Rate Limiting** (`core/limit`): Token bucket (Redis-based) and period limiters
+4. **Timeout Control**: Cascading timeouts via context - set at multiple levels (client, server, handler)
+
+### Middleware Chain Architecture
+`rest/chain` provides middleware composition:
+```go
+// Middleware signature
+type Middleware func(http.Handler) http.Handler
+
+// Chain operations
+chain := chain.New(m1, m2)
+chain.Append(m3)    // Adds to end: m1 -> m2 -> m3
+chain.Prepend(m0)   // Adds to start: m0 -> m1 -> m2 -> m3
+handler := chain.Then(finalHandler)
+```
+
+### Concurrency Patterns
+- **MapReduce** (`core/mr`): Parallel processing with worker pools - use for batch operations
+- **Executors** (`core/executors`): Bulk/period executors for batching operations
+- **SingleFlight** (`core/syncx`): Deduplicates concurrent identical requests
+
+Remember to run tests and ensure all checks pass before submitting changes. The project emphasizes high quality, performance, and reliability, so these should be primary considerations in all development work.

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
     # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v4
       with:
         languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
         # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
     # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
     # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v4
 
     # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
     # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ jobs:
     #   make release
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v4

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up Go 1.x
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
           check-latest: true
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout codebase
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up Go 1.x
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           # make sure Go version compatible with go-zero
           go-version-file: go.mod

.github/workflows/issues.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ jobs:
   close-issues:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/stale@v9
+      - uses: actions/stale@v10
         with:
           days-before-issue-stale: 365
           days-before-issue-close: 90

.github/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
           - goarch: "386"
             goos: darwin
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: zeromicro/go-zero-release-action@master
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/reviewdog.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,12 @@ jobs:
     name: runner / staticcheck
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+          check-latest: true
+          cache: true
       - uses: reviewdog/action-staticcheck@v1
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.github_token }}

.github/workflows/version-check.yml

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ jobs:
   version-check:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version: '1.21'
 

.gitignore

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 **/logs
 **/adhoc
 **/coverage.txt
+**/WARP.md
 
 # for test purpose
 go.work

core/bloom/bloom.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ type (
 	}
 )
 
-// New create a Filter, store is the backed redis, key is the key for the bloom filter,
+// New creates a Filter, store is the backed redis, key is the key for the bloom filter,
 // bits is how many bits will be used, maps is how many hashes for each addition.
 // best practices:
 // elements - means how many actual elements

core/collection/cache.go

@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ func (c *Cache) Del(key string) {
 	delete(c.data, key)
 	c.lruCache.remove(key)
 	c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// RemoveTimer is called outside the lock to avoid performance impact from this
+	// potentially time-consuming operation. Data integrity is maintained by lruCache,
+	// which will eventually evict any remaining entries when capacity is exceeded.
 	c.timingWheel.RemoveTimer(key)
 }
 

core/collection/timingwheel.go

@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ func (tw *TimingWheel) Stop() {
 
 func (tw *TimingWheel) drainAll(fn func(key, value any)) {
 	runner := threading.NewTaskRunner(drainWorkers)
+
 	for _, slot := range tw.slots {
 		for e := slot.Front(); e != nil; {
 			task := e.Value.(*timingEntry)
@@ -177,6 +178,8 @@ func (tw *TimingWheel) drainAll(fn func(key, value any)) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	runner.Wait()
 }
 
 func (tw *TimingWheel) getPositionAndCircle(d time.Duration) (pos, circle int) {

core/collection/timingwheel_test.go

@@ -629,6 +629,157 @@ func TestMoveAndRemoveTask(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(keys))
 }
 
+// TestTimingWheel_DrainClosureBug tests the closure capture bug in drainAll
+// Issue: https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues/5314
+func TestTimingWheel_DrainClosureBug(t *testing.T) {
+	ticker := timex.NewFakeTicker()
+	tw, _ := NewTimingWheelWithTicker(testStep, 10, func(k, v any) {}, ticker)
+	defer tw.Stop()
+
+	// Set multiple timers with different values
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		tw.SetTimer(i, i*10, testStep*5)
+	}
+
+	// Give time for timers to be set
+	time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	received := make(map[int]int)
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(10)
+
+	tw.Drain(func(key, value any) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		k := key.(int)
+		v := value.(int)
+		received[k] = v
+		wg.Done()
+	})
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	// Check if all values match their keys
+	for k, v := range received {
+		expected := k * 10
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, v, "key %d should have value %d, got %d", k, expected, v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTimingWheel_RunTasksClosureBug tests the closure capture bug in runTasks
+// Issue: https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues/5314
+func TestTimingWheel_RunTasksClosureBug(t *testing.T) {
+	ticker := timex.NewFakeTicker()
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	executed := make(map[int]int)
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	tw, _ := NewTimingWheelWithTicker(testStep, 10, func(k, v any) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		key := k.(int)
+		val := v.(int)
+		executed[key] = val
+		wg.Done()
+	}, ticker)
+	defer tw.Stop()
+
+	// Set multiple timers that should fire in the same tick
+	count := 10
+	wg.Add(count)
+	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		tw.SetTimer(i, i*10, testStep)
+	}
+
+	// Advance ticker to trigger tasks
+	ticker.Tick()
+
+	// Wait for execution with timeout
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		wg.Wait()
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		// Success
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for tasks to execute")
+	}
+
+	// Verify all tasks executed with correct values
+	assert.Equal(t, count, len(executed), "should have executed all tasks")
+	for k, v := range executed {
+		expected := k * 10
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, v, "key %d should have value %d, got %d", k, expected, v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTimingWheel_RunTasksRaceCondition tests for race conditions in runTasks
+// This test specifically targets the loop variable capture bug
+func TestTimingWheel_RunTasksRaceCondition(t *testing.T) {
+	// Run multiple times to increase likelihood of catching the bug
+	for attempt := 0; attempt < 10; attempt++ {
+		t.Run("", func(t *testing.T) {
+			ticker := timex.NewFakeTicker()
+			var mu sync.Mutex
+			keyValues := make(map[int][]int)
+			var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+			tw, _ := NewTimingWheelWithTicker(testStep, 10, func(k, v any) {
+				// Add small delay to increase chance of race
+				time.Sleep(time.Microsecond)
+				mu.Lock()
+				defer mu.Unlock()
+				key := k.(int)
+				val := v.(int)
+				keyValues[key] = append(keyValues[key], val)
+				wg.Done()
+			}, ticker)
+			defer tw.Stop()
+
+			// Set many timers rapidly to increase chance of race
+			count := 50
+			wg.Add(count)
+			for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+				tw.SetTimer(i, i*100, testStep)
+			}
+
+			ticker.Tick()
+
+			done := make(chan struct{})
+			go func() {
+				wg.Wait()
+				close(done)
+			}()
+
+			select {
+			case <-done:
+			case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+				t.Fatal("timeout waiting for tasks")
+			}
+
+			// Check for duplicates or wrong values
+			wrongCount := 0
+			for key, values := range keyValues {
+				assert.Equal(t, 1, len(values), "key %d should only execute once, got %v", key, values)
+				if len(values) > 0 {
+					expected := key * 100
+					if values[0] != expected {
+						wrongCount++
+						t.Logf("BUG DETECTED: key %d should have value %d, got %d", key, expected, values[0])
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if wrongCount > 0 {
+				t.Errorf("Found %d tasks with wrong values due to closure bug", wrongCount)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func BenchmarkTimingWheel(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 

core/conf/config.go

@@ -368,5 +368,5 @@ func getFullName(parent, child string) string {
 		return child
 	}
 
-	return strings.Join([]string{parent, child}, ".")
+	return parent + "." + child
 }

core/conf/config_test.go

@@ -1377,3 +1377,23 @@ func (m mockConfig) Validate() error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func TestGetFullName(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		parent string
+		child  string
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{"", "child", "child"},
+		{"parent", "child", "parent.child"},
+		{"a.b", "c", "a.b.c"},
+		{"root", "nested.field", "root.nested.field"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.parent+"."+tt.child, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := getFullName(tt.parent, tt.child)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}

core/configcenter/subscriber/etcd.go

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package subscriber
 
 import (
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/discov"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 )
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@ func NewEtcdSubscriber(conf EtcdConf) (Subscriber, error) {
 func buildSubOptions(conf EtcdConf) []discov.SubOption {
 	opts := []discov.SubOption{
 		discov.WithExactMatch(),
+		discov.WithContainer(newContainer()),
 	}
 
 	if len(conf.User) > 0 {
@@ -65,3 +69,47 @@ func (s *etcdSubscriber) Value() (string, error) {
 
 	return "", nil
 }
+
+type container struct {
+	value     atomic.Value
+	listeners []func()
+	lock      sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func newContainer() *container {
+	return &container{}
+}
+
+func (c *container) OnAdd(kv discov.KV) {
+	c.value.Store([]string{kv.Val})
+	c.notifyChange()
+}
+
+func (c *container) OnDelete(_ discov.KV) {
+	c.value.Store([]string(nil))
+	c.notifyChange()
+}
+
+func (c *container) AddListener(listener func()) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	c.listeners = append(c.listeners, listener)
+	c.lock.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (c *container) GetValues() []string {
+	if vals, ok := c.value.Load().([]string); ok {
+		return vals
+	}
+
+	return []string(nil)
+}
+
+func (c *container) notifyChange() {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	listeners := append(([]func())(nil), c.listeners...)
+	c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	for _, listener := range listeners {
+		listener()
+	}
+}

core/configcenter/subscriber/etcd_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+package subscriber
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/discov"
+)
+
+const (
+	actionAdd = iota
+	actionDel
+)
+
+func TestConfigCenterContainer(t *testing.T) {
+	type action struct {
+		act int
+		key string
+		val string
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		do     []action
+		expect []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "add one",
+			do: []action{
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "first",
+					val: "a",
+				},
+			},
+			expect: []string{
+				"a",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "add two",
+			do: []action{
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "first",
+					val: "a",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "second",
+					val: "b",
+				},
+			},
+			expect: []string{
+				"b",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "add two, delete one",
+			do: []action{
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "first",
+					val: "a",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "second",
+					val: "b",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionDel,
+					key: "first",
+				},
+			},
+			expect: []string(nil),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "add two, delete two",
+			do: []action{
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "first",
+					val: "a",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "second",
+					val: "b",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionDel,
+					key: "first",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionDel,
+					key: "second",
+				},
+			},
+			expect: []string(nil),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "add two, dup values",
+			do: []action{
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "first",
+					val: "a",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "second",
+					val: "b",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "third",
+					val: "a",
+				},
+			},
+			expect: []string{"a"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "add three, dup values, delete two, add one",
+			do: []action{
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "first",
+					val: "a",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "second",
+					val: "b",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "third",
+					val: "a",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionDel,
+					key: "first",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionDel,
+					key: "second",
+				},
+				{
+					act: actionAdd,
+					key: "forth",
+					val: "c",
+				},
+			},
+			expect: []string{"c"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var changed bool
+			c := newContainer()
+			c.AddListener(func() {
+				changed = true
+			})
+			assert.Nil(t, c.GetValues())
+			assert.False(t, changed)
+
+			for _, order := range test.do {
+				if order.act == actionAdd {
+					c.OnAdd(discov.KV{
+						Key: order.key,
+						Val: order.val,
+					})
+				} else {
+					c.OnDelete(discov.KV{
+						Key: order.key,
+						Val: order.val,
+					})
+				}
+			}
+
+			assert.True(t, changed)
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, test.expect, c.GetValues())
+		})
+	}
+}

core/discov/internal/registry.go

@@ -386,8 +386,9 @@ func (c *cluster) watch(cli EtcdClient, key watchKey, rev int64) {
 			rev = c.load(cli, key)
 		}
 
-		// log the error and retry
+		// log the error and retry with cooldown to prevent CPU/disk exhaustion
 		logc.Error(cli.Ctx(), err)
+		time.Sleep(coolDownUnstable.AroundDuration(coolDownInterval))
 	}
 }
 

core/discov/subscriber.go

@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@ type (
 		exclusive  bool
 		key        string
 		exactMatch bool
-		items      *container
+		items      Container
 	}
+	KV = internal.KV
 )
 
 // NewSubscriber returns a Subscriber.
@@ -35,7 +36,9 @@ func NewSubscriber(endpoints []string, key string, opts ...SubOption) (*Subscrib
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		opt(sub)
 	}
-	sub.items = newContainer(sub.exclusive)
+	if sub.items == nil {
+		sub.items = newContainer(sub.exclusive)
+	}
 
 	if err := internal.GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, key, sub.exactMatch, sub.items); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ func NewSubscriber(endpoints []string, key string, opts ...SubOption) (*Subscrib
 
 // AddListener adds listener to s.
 func (s *Subscriber) AddListener(listener func()) {
-	s.items.addListener(listener)
+	s.items.AddListener(listener)
 }
 
 // Close closes the subscriber.
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ func (s *Subscriber) Close() {
 
 // Values returns all the subscription values.
 func (s *Subscriber) Values() []string {
-	return s.items.getValues()
+	return s.items.GetValues()
 }
 
 // Exclusive means that key value can only be 1:1,
@@ -88,16 +91,32 @@ func WithSubEtcdTLS(certFile, certKeyFile, caFile string, insecureSkipVerify boo
 	}
 }
 
-type container struct {
+// WithContainer provides a custom container to the subscriber.
-	exclusive bool
+func WithContainer(container Container) SubOption {
-	values    map[string][]string
+	return func(sub *Subscriber) {
-	mapping   map[string]string
+		sub.items = container
-	snapshot  atomic.Value
+	}
-	dirty     *syncx.AtomicBool
-	listeners []func()
-	lock      sync.Mutex
 }
 
+type (
+	Container interface {
+		OnAdd(kv internal.KV)
+		OnDelete(kv internal.KV)
+		AddListener(listener func())
+		GetValues() []string
+	}
+
+	container struct {
+		exclusive bool
+		values    map[string][]string
+		mapping   map[string]string
+		snapshot  atomic.Value
+		dirty     *syncx.AtomicBool
+		listeners []func()
+		lock      sync.Mutex
+	}
+)
+
 func newContainer(exclusive bool) *container {
 	return &container{
 		exclusive: exclusive,
@@ -141,7 +160,7 @@ func (c *container) addKv(key, value string) ([]string, bool) {
 	return nil, false
 }
 
-func (c *container) addListener(listener func()) {
+func (c *container) AddListener(listener func()) {
 	c.lock.Lock()
 	c.listeners = append(c.listeners, listener)
 	c.lock.Unlock()
@@ -170,7 +189,7 @@ func (c *container) doRemoveKey(key string) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *container) getValues() []string {
+func (c *container) GetValues() []string {
 	if !c.dirty.True() {
 		return c.snapshot.Load().([]string)
 	}

core/discov/subscriber_test.go

@@ -171,10 +171,10 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 				var changed bool
 				c := newContainer(exclusive)
-				c.addListener(func() {
+				c.AddListener(func() {
 					changed = true
 				})
-				assert.Nil(t, c.getValues())
+				assert.Nil(t, c.GetValues())
 				assert.False(t, changed)
 
 				for _, order := range test.do {
@@ -193,9 +193,9 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 
 				assert.True(t, changed)
 				assert.True(t, c.dirty.True())
-				assert.ElementsMatch(t, test.expect, c.getValues())
+				assert.ElementsMatch(t, test.expect, c.GetValues())
 				assert.False(t, c.dirty.True())
-				assert.ElementsMatch(t, test.expect, c.getValues())
+				assert.ElementsMatch(t, test.expect, c.GetValues())
 			})
 		}
 	}
@@ -204,12 +204,14 @@ func TestContainer(t *testing.T) {
 func TestSubscriber(t *testing.T) {
 	sub := new(Subscriber)
 	Exclusive()(sub)
-	sub.items = newContainer(sub.exclusive)
+	c := newContainer(sub.exclusive)
+	WithContainer(c)(sub)
+	sub.items = c
 	var count int32
 	sub.AddListener(func() {
 		atomic.AddInt32(&count, 1)
 	})
-	sub.items.notifyChange()
+	c.notifyChange()
 	assert.Empty(t, sub.Values())
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&count))
 }
@@ -229,12 +231,13 @@ func TestWithSubEtcdAccount(t *testing.T) {
 func TestWithExactMatch(t *testing.T) {
 	sub := new(Subscriber)
 	WithExactMatch()(sub)
-	sub.items = newContainer(sub.exclusive)
+	c := newContainer(sub.exclusive)
+	sub.items = c
 	var count int32
 	sub.AddListener(func() {
 		atomic.AddInt32(&count, 1)
 	})
-	sub.items.notifyChange()
+	c.notifyChange()
 	assert.Empty(t, sub.Values())
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&count))
 }

core/fx/stream.go

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ func (s Stream) Count() (count int) {
 	return
 }
 
-// Distinct removes the duplicated items base on the given KeyFunc.
+// Distinct removes the duplicated items based on the given KeyFunc.
 func (s Stream) Distinct(fn KeyFunc) Stream {
 	source := make(chan any)
 
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ func (s Stream) Tail(n int64) Stream {
 	return Range(source)
 }
 
-// Walk lets the callers handle each item, the caller may write zero, one or more items base on the given item.
+// Walk lets the callers handle each item, the caller may write zero, one or more items based on the given item.
 func (s Stream) Walk(fn WalkFunc, opts ...Option) Stream {
 	option := buildOptions(opts...)
 	if option.unlimitedWorkers {

core/fx/stream_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package fx
 
 import (
-	"io"
-	"log"
 	"math/rand"
 	"reflect"
 	"runtime"
@@ -13,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx/logtest"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stringx"
 	"go.uber.org/goleak"
 )
@@ -238,7 +237,7 @@ func TestLast(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
 	runCheckedTest(t, func(t *testing.T) {
-		log.SetOutput(io.Discard)
+		logtest.Discard(t)
 
 		tests := []struct {
 			mapper MapFunc

core/hash/consistenthash.go

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func (h *ConsistentHash) AddWithWeight(node any, weight int) {
 	h.AddWithReplicas(node, replicas)
 }
 
-// Get returns the corresponding node from h base on the given v.
+// Get returns the corresponding node from h based on the given v.
 func (h *ConsistentHash) Get(v any) (any, bool) {
 	h.lock.RLock()
 	defer h.lock.RUnlock()

core/logx/config.go

@@ -1,47 +1,70 @@
 package logx
 
-// A LogConf is a logging config.
+type (
-type LogConf struct {
+	// A LogConf is a logging config.
-	// ServiceName represents the service name.
+	LogConf struct {
-	ServiceName string `json:",optional"`
+		// ServiceName represents the service name.
-	// Mode represents the logging mode, default is `console`.
+		ServiceName string `json:",optional"`
-	// console: log to console.
+		// Mode represents the logging mode, default is `console`.
-	// file: log to file.
+		// console: log to console.
-	// volume: used in k8s, prepend the hostname to the log file name.
+		// file: log to file.
-	Mode string `json:",default=console,options=[console,file,volume]"`
+		// volume: used in k8s, prepend the hostname to the log file name.
-	// Encoding represents the encoding type, default is `json`.
+		Mode string `json:",default=console,options=[console,file,volume]"`
-	// json: json encoding.
+		// Encoding represents the encoding type, default is `json`.
-	// plain: plain text encoding, typically used in development.
+		// json: json encoding.
-	Encoding string `json:",default=json,options=[json,plain]"`
+		// plain: plain text encoding, typically used in development.
-	// TimeFormat represents the time format, default is `2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00`.
+		Encoding string `json:",default=json,options=[json,plain]"`
-	TimeFormat string `json:",optional"`
+		// TimeFormat represents the time format, default is `2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00`.
-	// Path represents the log file path, default is `logs`.
+		TimeFormat string `json:",optional"`
-	Path string `json:",default=logs"`
+		// Path represents the log file path, default is `logs`.
-	// Level represents the log level, default is `info`.
+		Path string `json:",default=logs"`
-	Level string `json:",default=info,options=[debug,info,error,severe]"`
+		// Level represents the log level, default is `info`.
-	// MaxContentLength represents the max content bytes, default is no limit.
+		Level string `json:",default=info,options=[debug,info,error,severe]"`
-	MaxContentLength uint32 `json:",optional"`
+		// MaxContentLength represents the max content bytes, default is no limit.
-	// Compress represents whether to compress the log file, default is `false`.
+		MaxContentLength uint32 `json:",optional"`
-	Compress bool `json:",optional"`
+		// Compress represents whether to compress the log file, default is `false`.
-	// Stat represents whether to log statistics, default is `true`.
+		Compress bool `json:",optional"`
-	Stat bool `json:",default=true"`
+		// Stat represents whether to log statistics, default is `true`.
-	// KeepDays represents how many days the log files will be kept. Default to keep all files.
+		Stat bool `json:",default=true"`
-	// Only take effect when Mode is `file` or `volume`, both work when Rotation is `daily` or `size`.
+		// KeepDays represents how many days the log files will be kept. Default to keep all files.
-	KeepDays int `json:",optional"`
+		// Only take effect when Mode is `file` or `volume`, both work when Rotation is `daily` or `size`.
-	// StackCooldownMillis represents the cooldown time for stack logging, default is 100ms.
+		KeepDays int `json:",optional"`
-	StackCooldownMillis int `json:",default=100"`
+		// StackCooldownMillis represents the cooldown time for stack logging, default is 100ms.
-	// MaxBackups represents how many backup log files will be kept. 0 means all files will be kept forever.
+		StackCooldownMillis int `json:",default=100"`
-	// Only take effect when RotationRuleType is `size`.
+		// MaxBackups represents how many backup log files will be kept. 0 means all files will be kept forever.
-	// Even though `MaxBackups` sets 0, log files will still be removed
+		// Only take effect when RotationRuleType is `size`.
-	// if the `KeepDays` limitation is reached.
+		// Even though `MaxBackups` sets 0, log files will still be removed
-	MaxBackups int `json:",default=0"`
+		// if the `KeepDays` limitation is reached.
-	// MaxSize represents how much space the writing log file takes up. 0 means no limit. The unit is `MB`.
+		MaxBackups int `json:",default=0"`
-	// Only take effect when RotationRuleType is `size`
+		// MaxSize represents how much space the writing log file takes up. 0 means no limit. The unit is `MB`.
-	MaxSize int `json:",default=0"`
+		// Only take effect when RotationRuleType is `size`
-	// Rotation represents the type of log rotation rule. Default is `daily`.
+		MaxSize int `json:",default=0"`
-	// daily: daily rotation.
+		// Rotation represents the type of log rotation rule. Default is `daily`.
-	// size: size limited rotation.
+		// daily: daily rotation.
-	Rotation string `json:",default=daily,options=[daily,size]"`
+		// size: size limited rotation.
-	// FileTimeFormat represents the time format for file name, default is `2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00`.
+		Rotation string `json:",default=daily,options=[daily,size]"`
-	FileTimeFormat string `json:",optional"`
+		// FileTimeFormat represents the time format for file name, default is `2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00`.
-}
+		FileTimeFormat string `json:",optional"`
+		// FieldKeys represents the field keys.
+		FieldKeys fieldKeyConf `json:",optional"`
+	}
+
+	fieldKeyConf struct {
+		// CallerKey represents the caller key.
+		CallerKey string `json:",default=caller"`
+		// ContentKey represents the content key.
+		ContentKey string `json:",default=content"`
+		// DurationKey represents the duration key.
+		DurationKey string `json:",default=duration"`
+		// LevelKey represents the level key.
+		LevelKey string `json:",default=level"`
+		// SpanKey represents the span key.
+		SpanKey string `json:",default=span"`
+		// TimestampKey represents the timestamp key.
+		TimestampKey string `json:",default=@timestamp"`
+		// TraceKey represents the trace key.
+		TraceKey string `json:",default=trace"`
+		// TruncatedKey represents the truncated key.
+		TruncatedKey string `json:",default=truncated"`
+	}
+)

core/logx/logs.go

@@ -276,7 +276,8 @@ func SetUp(c LogConf) (err error) {
 	// Because multiple services in one process might call SetUp respectively.
 	// Need to wait for the first caller to complete the execution.
 	setupOnce.Do(func() {
-		setupLogLevel(c)
+		setupLogLevel(c.Level)
+		setupFieldKeys(c.FieldKeys)
 
 		if !c.Stat {
 			DisableStat()
@@ -480,8 +481,35 @@ func handleOptions(opts []LogOption) {
 	}
 }
 
-func setupLogLevel(c LogConf) {
+func setupFieldKeys(c fieldKeyConf) {
-	switch c.Level {
+	if len(c.CallerKey) > 0 {
+		callerKey = c.CallerKey
+	}
+	if len(c.ContentKey) > 0 {
+		contentKey = c.ContentKey
+	}
+	if len(c.DurationKey) > 0 {
+		durationKey = c.DurationKey
+	}
+	if len(c.LevelKey) > 0 {
+		levelKey = c.LevelKey
+	}
+	if len(c.SpanKey) > 0 {
+		spanKey = c.SpanKey
+	}
+	if len(c.TimestampKey) > 0 {
+		timestampKey = c.TimestampKey
+	}
+	if len(c.TraceKey) > 0 {
+		traceKey = c.TraceKey
+	}
+	if len(c.TruncatedKey) > 0 {
+		truncatedKey = c.TruncatedKey
+	}
+}
+
+func setupLogLevel(level string) {
+	switch level {
 	case levelDebug:
 		SetLevel(DebugLevel)
 	case levelInfo:

core/logx/logs_test.go

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -777,15 +779,9 @@ func TestSetup(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxBackups:  3,
 		MaxSize:     1024 * 1024,
 	}))
-	setupLogLevel(LogConf{
+	setupLogLevel(levelInfo)
-		Level: levelInfo,
+	setupLogLevel(levelError)
-	})
+	setupLogLevel(levelSevere)
-	setupLogLevel(LogConf{
-		Level: levelError,
-	})
-	setupLogLevel(LogConf{
-		Level: levelSevere,
-	})
 	_, err := createOutput("")
 	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 	Disable()
@@ -1157,3 +1153,66 @@ func (s *countingStringer) String() string {
 	atomic.AddInt32(&s.count, 1)
 	return "countingStringer"
 }
+
+func TestLogKey(t *testing.T) {
+	setupOnce = sync.Once{}
+	MustSetup(LogConf{
+		ServiceName: "any",
+		Mode:        "console",
+		Encoding:    "json",
+		TimeFormat:  timeFormat,
+		FieldKeys: fieldKeyConf{
+			CallerKey:    "_caller",
+			ContentKey:   "_content",
+			DurationKey:  "_duration",
+			LevelKey:     "_level",
+			SpanKey:      "_span",
+			TimestampKey: "_timestamp",
+			TraceKey:     "_trace",
+			TruncatedKey: "_truncated",
+		},
+	})
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		setupFieldKeys(fieldKeyConf{
+			CallerKey:    defaultCallerKey,
+			ContentKey:   defaultContentKey,
+			DurationKey:  defaultDurationKey,
+			LevelKey:     defaultLevelKey,
+			SpanKey:      defaultSpanKey,
+			TimestampKey: defaultTimestampKey,
+			TraceKey:     defaultTraceKey,
+			TruncatedKey: defaultTruncatedKey,
+		})
+	})
+
+	const message = "hello there"
+	w := new(mockWriter)
+	old := writer.Swap(w)
+	defer writer.Store(old)
+
+	otp := otel.GetTracerProvider()
+	tp := trace.NewTracerProvider(trace.WithSampler(trace.AlwaysSample()))
+	otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)
+	defer otel.SetTracerProvider(otp)
+
+	ctx, span := tp.Tracer("trace-id").Start(context.Background(), "span-id")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	WithContext(ctx).WithDuration(time.Second).Info(message)
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	var m map[string]string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(w.String()), &m); err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "info", m["_level"])
+	assert.Equal(t, message, m["_content"])
+	assert.Equal(t, "1000.0ms", m["_duration"])
+	assert.Regexp(t, `logx/logs_test.go:\d+`, m["_caller"])
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, m["_trace"])
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, m["_span"])
+	parsedTime, err := time.Parse(timeFormat, m["_timestamp"])
+	assert.True(t, err == nil)
+	assert.Equal(t, now.Minute(), parsedTime.Minute())
+}

core/logx/richlogger_test.go

@@ -423,3 +423,49 @@ type mockValue struct {
 	Foo     string `json:"foo"`
 	Content any    `json:"content"`
 }
+
+type testJson struct {
+	Name  string  `json:"name"`
+	Age   int     `json:"age"`
+	Score float64 `json:"score"`
+}
+
+func (t testJson) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type testJsonImpl testJson
+	return json.Marshal(testJsonImpl(t))
+}
+
+func (t testJson) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %d %f", t.Name, t.Age, t.Score)
+}
+
+func TestLogWithJson(t *testing.T) {
+	w := new(mockWriter)
+	old := writer.Swap(w)
+	writer.lock.RLock()
+	defer func() {
+		writer.lock.RUnlock()
+		writer.Store(old)
+	}()
+
+	l := WithContext(context.Background()).WithFields(Field("bar", testJson{
+		Name:  "foo",
+		Age:   1,
+		Score: 1.0,
+	}))
+	l.Info(testlog)
+
+	type mockValue2 struct {
+		mockValue
+		Bar testJson `json:"bar"`
+	}
+
+	var val mockValue2
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(w.String()), &val)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, testlog, val.Content)
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", val.Bar.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, val.Bar.Age)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1.0, val.Bar.Score)
+}

core/logx/rotatelogger.go

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ type (
 		gzip        bool
 	}
 
-	// SizeLimitRotateRule a rotation rule that make the log file rotated base on size
+	// SizeLimitRotateRule a rotation rule that makes the log file rotated based on size
 	SizeLimitRotateRule struct {
 		DailyRotateRule
 		maxSize    int64

core/logx/vars.go

@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ const (
 )
 
 const (
-	callerKey    = "caller"
+	defaultCallerKey    = "caller"
-	contentKey   = "content"
+	defaultContentKey   = "content"
-	durationKey  = "duration"
+	defaultDurationKey  = "duration"
-	levelKey     = "level"
+	defaultLevelKey     = "level"
-	spanKey      = "span"
+	defaultSpanKey      = "span"
-	timestampKey = "@timestamp"
+	defaultTimestampKey = "@timestamp"
-	traceKey     = "trace"
+	defaultTraceKey     = "trace"
-	truncatedKey = "truncated"
+	defaultTruncatedKey = "truncated"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -73,3 +73,14 @@ var (
 
 	truncatedField = Field(truncatedKey, true)
 )
+
+var (
+	callerKey    = defaultCallerKey
+	contentKey   = defaultContentKey
+	durationKey  = defaultDurationKey
+	levelKey     = defaultLevelKey
+	spanKey      = defaultSpanKey
+	timestampKey = defaultTimestampKey
+	traceKey     = defaultTraceKey
+	truncatedKey = defaultTruncatedKey
+)

core/logx/writer.go

@@ -212,7 +212,6 @@ func newFileWriter(c LogConf) (Writer, error) {
 	statFile := path.Join(c.Path, statFilename)
 
 	handleOptions(opts)
-	setupLogLevel(c)
 
 	if infoLog, err = createOutput(accessFile); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -423,6 +422,8 @@ func processFieldValue(value any) any {
 			times = append(times, fmt.Sprint(t))
 		}
 		return times
+	case json.Marshaler:
+		return val
 	case fmt.Stringer:
 		return encodeStringer(val)
 	case []fmt.Stringer:
@@ -443,6 +444,8 @@ func wrapLevelWithColor(level string) string {
 		colour = color.FgRed
 	case levelError:
 		colour = color.FgRed
+	case levelSevere:
+		colour = color.FgRed
 	case levelFatal:
 		colour = color.FgRed
 	case levelInfo:

core/mapping/utils.go

@@ -104,14 +104,13 @@ func convertToString(val any, fullName string) (string, error) {
 func convertTypeFromString(kind reflect.Kind, str string) (any, error) {
 	switch kind {
 	case reflect.Bool:
-		switch strings.ToLower(str) {
+		if str == "1" || strings.EqualFold(str, "true") {
-		case "1", "true":
 			return true, nil
-		case "0", "false":
-			return false, nil
-		default:
-			return false, errTypeMismatch
 		}
+		if str == "0" || strings.EqualFold(str, "false") {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		return false, errTypeMismatch
 	case reflect.Int:
 		return strconv.ParseInt(str, 10, intSize)
 	case reflect.Int8:

core/mapping/utils_test.go

@@ -334,3 +334,43 @@ func TestValidateValueRange(t *testing.T) {
 func TestSetMatchedPrimitiveValue(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Error(t, setMatchedPrimitiveValue(reflect.Func, reflect.ValueOf(2), "1"))
 }
+
+func TestConvertTypeFromString_Bool(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		input   string
+		want    bool
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		// true cases
+		{name: "1", input: "1", want: true, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "true lowercase", input: "true", want: true, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "True mixed", input: "True", want: true, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "TRUE uppercase", input: "TRUE", want: true, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "TrUe mixed", input: "TrUe", want: true, wantErr: false},
+		// false cases
+		{name: "0", input: "0", want: false, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "false lowercase", input: "false", want: false, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "False mixed", input: "False", want: false, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "FALSE uppercase", input: "FALSE", want: false, wantErr: false},
+		{name: "FaLsE mixed", input: "FaLsE", want: false, wantErr: false},
+		// error cases
+		{name: "invalid yes", input: "yes", want: false, wantErr: true},
+		{name: "invalid no", input: "no", want: false, wantErr: true},
+		{name: "invalid empty", input: "", want: false, wantErr: true},
+		{name: "invalid 2", input: "2", want: false, wantErr: true},
+		{name: "invalid truee", input: "truee", want: false, wantErr: true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := convertTypeFromString(reflect.Bool, tt.input)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

core/mathx/unstable.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// An Unstable is used to generate random value around the mean value base on given deviation.
+// An Unstable is used to generate random value around the mean value based on given deviation.
 type Unstable struct {
 	deviation float64
 	r         *rand.Rand

core/mr/mapreduce.go

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ package mr
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
@@ -183,12 +186,16 @@ func buildOptions(opts ...Option) *mapReduceOptions {
 	return options
 }
 
+func buildPanicInfo(r any, stack []byte) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%+v\n\n%s", r, strings.TrimSpace(string(stack)))
+}
+
 func buildSource[T any](generate GenerateFunc[T], panicChan *onceChan) chan T {
 	source := make(chan T)
 	go func() {
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				panicChan.write(r)
+				panicChan.write(buildPanicInfo(r, debug.Stack()))
 			}
 			close(source)
 		}()
@@ -235,7 +242,7 @@ func executeMappers[T, U any](mCtx mapperContext[T, U]) {
 				defer func() {
 					if r := recover(); r != nil {
 						atomic.AddInt32(&failed, 1)
-						mCtx.panicChan.write(r)
+						mCtx.panicChan.write(buildPanicInfo(r, debug.Stack()))
 					}
 					wg.Done()
 					<-pool
@@ -289,7 +296,7 @@ func mapReduceWithPanicChan[T, U, V any](source <-chan T, panicChan *onceChan, m
 		defer func() {
 			drain(collector)
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				panicChan.write(r)
+				panicChan.write(buildPanicInfo(r, debug.Stack()))
 			}
 			finish()
 		}()

core/mr/mapreduce_test.go

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ package mr
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"io"
+	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	"runtime"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
@@ -16,9 +15,6 @@ import (
 
 var errDummy = errors.New("dummy")
 
-func init() {
-	log.SetOutput(io.Discard)
-}
 
 func TestFinish(t *testing.T) {
 	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
@@ -148,11 +144,28 @@ func TestForEach(t *testing.T) {
 
 		assert.Equal(t, tasks/2, int(count))
 	})
+}
 
-	t.Run("all", func(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPanics(t *testing.T) {
-		defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+
+	const tasks = 1000
+	verify := func(t *testing.T, r any) {
+		panicStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", r)
+		assert.Contains(t, panicStr, "foo")
+		assert.Contains(t, panicStr, "goroutine")
+		assert.Contains(t, panicStr, "runtime/debug.Stack")
+		panic(r)
+	}
+
+	t.Run("ForEach run panics", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Panics(t, func() {
+			defer func() {
+				if r := recover(); r != nil {
+					verify(t, r)
+				}
+			}()
 
-		assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "foo", func() {
 			ForEach(func(source chan<- int) {
 				for i := 0; i < tasks; i++ {
 					source <- i
@@ -162,28 +175,31 @@ func TestForEach(t *testing.T) {
 			})
 		})
 	})
-}
 
-func TestGeneratePanic(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("ForEach generate panics", func(t *testing.T) {
-	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
+		assert.Panics(t, func() {
+			defer func() {
+				if r := recover(); r != nil {
+					verify(t, r)
+				}
+			}()
 
-	t.Run("all", func(t *testing.T) {
-		assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "foo", func() {
 			ForEach(func(source chan<- int) {
 				panic("foo")
 			}, func(item int) {
 			})
 		})
 	})
-}
 
-func TestMapperPanic(t *testing.T) {
-	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
-
-	const tasks = 1000
 	var run int32
-	t.Run("all", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Mapper panics", func(t *testing.T) {
-		assert.PanicsWithValue(t, "foo", func() {
+		assert.Panics(t, func() {
+			defer func() {
+				if r := recover(); r != nil {
+					verify(t, r)
+				}
+			}()
+
 			_, _ = MapReduce(func(source chan<- int) {
 				for i := 0; i < tasks; i++ {
 					source <- i

core/prof/runtime.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"runtime/metrics"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -28,10 +30,29 @@ func displayStatsWithWriter(writer io.Writer, interval ...time.Duration) {
 		ticker := time.NewTicker(duration)
 		defer ticker.Stop()
 		for range ticker.C {
-			var m runtime.MemStats
+			var (
-			runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+				alloc, totalAlloc, sys uint64
+				samples                = []metrics.Sample{
+					{Name: "/memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes"},
+					{Name: "/gc/heap/allocs:bytes"},
+					{Name: "/memory/classes/total:bytes"},
+				}
+			)
+			metrics.Read(samples)
+
+			if samples[0].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+				alloc = samples[0].Value.Uint64()
+			}
+			if samples[1].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+				totalAlloc = samples[1].Value.Uint64()
+			}
+			if samples[2].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+				sys = samples[2].Value.Uint64()
+			}
+			var stats debug.GCStats
+			debug.ReadGCStats(&stats)
 			fmt.Fprintf(writer, "Goroutines: %d, Alloc: %vm, TotalAlloc: %vm, Sys: %vm, NumGC: %v\n",
-				runtime.NumGoroutine(), m.Alloc/mega, m.TotalAlloc/mega, m.Sys/mega, m.NumGC)
+				runtime.NumGoroutine(), alloc/mega, totalAlloc/mega, sys/mega, stats.NumGC)
 		}
 	}()
 }

core/stat/usage.go

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 package stat
 
 import (
-	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"runtime/metrics"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
@@ -56,8 +57,28 @@ func bToMb(b uint64) float32 {
 }
 
 func printUsage() {
-	var m runtime.MemStats
+	var (
-	runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+		alloc, totalAlloc, sys uint64
+		samples                = []metrics.Sample{
+			{Name: "/memory/classes/heap/objects:bytes"},
+			{Name: "/gc/heap/allocs:bytes"},
+			{Name: "/memory/classes/total:bytes"},
+		}
+		stats debug.GCStats
+	)
+	metrics.Read(samples)
+
+	if samples[0].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+		alloc = samples[0].Value.Uint64()
+	}
+	if samples[1].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+		totalAlloc = samples[1].Value.Uint64()
+	}
+	if samples[2].Value.Kind() == metrics.KindUint64 {
+		sys = samples[2].Value.Uint64()
+	}
+	debug.ReadGCStats(&stats)
+
 	logx.Statf("CPU: %dm, MEMORY: Alloc=%.1fMi, TotalAlloc=%.1fMi, Sys=%.1fMi, NumGC=%d",
-		CpuUsage(), bToMb(m.Alloc), bToMb(m.TotalAlloc), bToMb(m.Sys), m.NumGC)
+		CpuUsage(), bToMb(alloc), bToMb(totalAlloc), bToMb(sys), stats.NumGC)
 }

core/stores/monc/cachedmodel_test.go

@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ func createModel(t *testing.T, coll mon.Collection) *Model {
 	}
 }
 
-// mustNewTestModel  returns a test Model with the given cache.
+// mustNewTestModel returns a test Model with the given cache.
 func mustNewTestModel(collection mon.Collection, c cache.CacheConf, opts ...cache.Option) *Model {
 	return &Model{
 		Model: &mon.Model{

core/stores/redis/redis.go

@@ -259,12 +259,34 @@ func (s *Redis) BitPosCtx(ctx context.Context, key string, bit, start, end int64
 }
 
 // Blpop uses passed in redis connection to execute blocking queries.
+//
+// For blocking operations, you must create a dedicated RedisNode using CreateBlockingNode to avoid
+// exhausting the connection pool. Blocking commands hold connections for extended periods and should
+// not share the regular connection pool.
+//
+// Example usage:
+//
+//	node, err := redis.CreateBlockingNode(rds)
+//	if err != nil {
+//	    // handle error
+//	}
+//	defer node.Close()
+//
+//	value, err := rds.Blpop(node, "mylist")
+//	if err != nil {
+//	    // handle error
+//	}
+//
 // Doesn't benefit from pooling redis connections of blocking queries
 func (s *Redis) Blpop(node RedisNode, key string) (string, error) {
 	return s.BlpopCtx(context.Background(), node, key)
 }
 
 // BlpopCtx uses passed in redis connection to execute blocking queries.
+//
+// For blocking operations, you must create a dedicated RedisNode using CreateBlockingNode.
+// See Blpop for usage examples.
+//
 // Doesn't benefit from pooling redis connections of blocking queries
 func (s *Redis) BlpopCtx(ctx context.Context, node RedisNode, key string) (string, error) {
 	return s.BlpopWithTimeoutCtx(ctx, node, blockingQueryTimeout, key)
@@ -272,12 +294,18 @@ func (s *Redis) BlpopCtx(ctx context.Context, node RedisNode, key string) (strin
 
 // BlpopEx uses passed in redis connection to execute blpop command.
 // The difference against Blpop is that this method returns a bool to indicate success.
+//
+// For blocking operations, you must create a dedicated RedisNode using CreateBlockingNode.
+// See Blpop for usage examples.
 func (s *Redis) BlpopEx(node RedisNode, key string) (string, bool, error) {
 	return s.BlpopExCtx(context.Background(), node, key)
 }
 
 // BlpopExCtx uses passed in redis connection to execute blpop command.
 // The difference against Blpop is that this method returns a bool to indicate success.
+//
+// For blocking operations, you must create a dedicated RedisNode using CreateBlockingNode.
+// See Blpop for usage examples.
 func (s *Redis) BlpopExCtx(ctx context.Context, node RedisNode, key string) (string, bool, error) {
 	if node == nil {
 		return "", false, ErrNilNode
@@ -297,12 +325,18 @@ func (s *Redis) BlpopExCtx(ctx context.Context, node RedisNode, key string) (str
 
 // BlpopWithTimeout uses passed in redis connection to execute blpop command.
 // Control blocking query timeout
+//
+// For blocking operations, you must create a dedicated RedisNode using CreateBlockingNode.
+// See Blpop for usage examples.
 func (s *Redis) BlpopWithTimeout(node RedisNode, timeout time.Duration, key string) (string, error) {
 	return s.BlpopWithTimeoutCtx(context.Background(), node, timeout, key)
 }
 
 // BlpopWithTimeoutCtx uses passed in redis connection to execute blpop command.
 // Control blocking query timeout
+//
+// For blocking operations, you must create a dedicated RedisNode using CreateBlockingNode.
+// See Blpop for usage examples.
 func (s *Redis) BlpopWithTimeoutCtx(ctx context.Context, node RedisNode, timeout time.Duration,
 	key string) (string, error) {
 	if node == nil {
@@ -630,6 +664,28 @@ func (s *Redis) GetDelCtx(ctx context.Context, key string) (string, error) {
 	return val, err
 }
 
+// GetEx is the implementation of redis getex command.
+// Available since: redis version 6.2.0
+func (s *Redis) GetEx(key string, seconds int) (string, error) {
+	return s.GetExCtx(context.Background(), key, seconds)
+}
+
+// GetExCtx is the implementation of redis getex command.
+// Available since: redis version 6.2.0
+func (s *Redis) GetExCtx(ctx context.Context, key string, seconds int) (string, error) {
+	conn, err := getRedis(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	val, err := conn.GetEx(ctx, key, time.Duration(seconds)*time.Second).Result()
+	if errors.Is(err, red.Nil) {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	return val, err
+}
+
 // GetSet is the implementation of redis getset command.
 func (s *Redis) GetSet(key, value string) (string, error) {
 	return s.GetSetCtx(context.Background(), key, value)
@@ -1840,6 +1896,29 @@ func (s *Redis) XInfoStreamCtx(ctx context.Context, stream string) (*red.XInfoSt
 
 // XReadGroup reads messages from Redis streams as part of a consumer group.
 // It allows for distributed processing of stream messages with automatic message delivery semantics.
+//
+// For blocking operations, you must create a dedicated RedisNode using CreateBlockingNode to avoid
+// exhausting the connection pool. Blocking commands hold connections for extended periods and should
+// not share the regular connection pool.
+//
+// Example usage:
+//
+//	node, err := redis.CreateBlockingNode(rds)
+//	if err != nil {
+//	    // handle error
+//	}
+//	defer node.Close()
+//
+//	streams, err := rds.XReadGroup(
+//	    node,              // RedisNode created with CreateBlockingNode
+//	    "mygroup",         // consumer group name
+//	    "consumer1",       // consumer ID
+//	    10,                // max number of messages to read
+//	    5*time.Second,     // block duration
+//	    false,             // noAck flag
+//	    "mystream",        // stream name
+//	)
+//
 // Doesn't benefit from pooling redis connections of blocking queries.
 func (s *Redis) XReadGroup(node RedisNode, group string, consumerId string, count int64,
 	block time.Duration, noAck bool, streams ...string) ([]red.XStream, error) {
@@ -1847,6 +1926,10 @@ func (s *Redis) XReadGroup(node RedisNode, group string, consumerId string, coun
 }
 
 // XReadGroupCtx is the context-aware version of XReadGroup.
+//
+// For blocking operations, you must create a dedicated RedisNode using CreateBlockingNode to avoid
+// exhausting the connection pool. See XReadGroup for usage examples.
+//
 // Doesn't benefit from pooling redis connections of blocking queries.
 func (s *Redis) XReadGroupCtx(ctx context.Context, node RedisNode, group string, consumerId string,
 	count int64, block time.Duration, noAck bool, streams ...string) ([]red.XStream, error) {

core/stores/redis/redis_test.go

@@ -1104,6 +1104,45 @@ func TestRedis_GetDel(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestRedis_GetEx(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("get_ex", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runOnRedis(t, func(client *Redis) {
+			val, err := client.GetEx("getex_key", 10)
+			assert.Equal(t, "", val)
+			assert.Nil(t, err)
+
+			err = client.Set("getex_key", "getex_value")
+			assert.Nil(t, err)
+
+			val, err = client.GetEx("getex_key", 10)
+			assert.Nil(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, "getex_value", val)
+			val, err = client.Get("getex_key")
+			assert.Nil(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, "getex_value", val)
+
+			ttl, err := client.Ttl("getex_key")
+			assert.Nil(t, err)
+			assert.True(t, ttl > 0 && ttl <= 10)
+
+			val, err = client.GetEx("getex_key", 5)
+			assert.Nil(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, "getex_value", val)
+
+			ttl, err = client.Ttl("getex_key")
+			assert.Nil(t, err)
+			assert.True(t, ttl > 0 && ttl <= 5)
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("get_ex_with_error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runOnRedisWithError(t, func(client *Redis) {
+			_, err := newRedis(client.Addr, badType()).GetEx("hello", 10)
+			assert.Error(t, err)
+		})
+	})
+}
+
 func TestRedis_GetSet(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("set_get", func(t *testing.T) {
 		runOnRedis(t, func(client *Redis) {

core/stores/redis/redisblockingnode.go

@@ -13,7 +13,37 @@ type ClosableNode interface {
 	Close()
 }
 
-// CreateBlockingNode returns a ClosableNode.
+// CreateBlockingNode creates a dedicated RedisNode for blocking operations.
+//
+// Blocking Redis commands (like BLPOP, BRPOP, XREADGROUP with block parameter) hold connections
+// for extended periods while waiting for data. Using them with the regular Redis connection pool
+// can exhaust all available connections, causing other operations to fail or timeout.
+//
+// CreateBlockingNode creates a separate Redis client with a minimal connection pool (size 1) that
+// is dedicated to blocking operations. This ensures blocking commands don't interfere with regular
+// Redis operations.
+//
+// Example usage:
+//
+//	rds := redis.MustNewRedis(redis.RedisConf{
+//	    Host: "localhost:6379",
+//	    Type: redis.NodeType,
+//	})
+//
+//	// Create a dedicated node for blocking operations
+//	node, err := redis.CreateBlockingNode(rds)
+//	if err != nil {
+//	    // handle error
+//	}
+//	defer node.Close() // Important: close the node when done
+//
+//	// Use the node for blocking operations
+//	value, err := rds.Blpop(node, "mylist")
+//	if err != nil {
+//	    // handle error
+//	}
+//
+// The returned ClosableNode must be closed when no longer needed to release resources.
 func CreateBlockingNode(r *Redis) (ClosableNode, error) {
 	timeout := readWriteTimeout + blockingQueryTimeout
 

core/stores/sqlx/orm.go

@@ -70,25 +70,16 @@ func getTaggedFieldValueMap(v reflect.Value) (map[string]any, error) {
 }
 
 func getValueInterface(value reflect.Value) (any, error) {
-	switch value.Kind() {
+	if !value.CanAddr() || !value.Addr().CanInterface() {
-	case reflect.Ptr:
+		return nil, ErrNotReadableValue
-		if !value.CanInterface() {
-			return nil, ErrNotReadableValue
-		}
-
-		if value.IsNil() {
-			baseValueType := mapping.Deref(value.Type())
-			value.Set(reflect.New(baseValueType))
-		}
-
-		return value.Interface(), nil
-	default:
-		if !value.CanAddr() || !value.Addr().CanInterface() {
-			return nil, ErrNotReadableValue
-		}
-
-		return value.Addr().Interface(), nil
 	}
+
+	if value.Kind() == reflect.Pointer && value.IsNil() {
+		baseValueType := mapping.Deref(value.Type())
+		value.Set(reflect.New(baseValueType))
+	}
+
+	return value.Addr().Interface(), nil
 }
 
 func isScanFailed(err error) bool {

core/stores/sqlx/orm_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/DATA-DOG/go-sqlmock"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -1575,6 +1577,782 @@ func TestAnonymousStructPrError(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestUnmarshalRowsZeroValueStructPtr(t *testing.T) {
+	secondNamePtr := "second_ptr"
+	secondAgePtr := int64(30)
+	thirdNamePtr := "third_ptr"
+	thirdAgePtr := int64(0)
+
+	expect := []struct {
+		Name    string
+		NamePtr *string
+		Age     int64
+		AgePtr  *int64
+	}{
+		{
+			Name:    "first",
+			NamePtr: nil,
+			Age:     2,
+			AgePtr:  nil,
+		},
+		{
+			Name:    "second",
+			NamePtr: &secondNamePtr,
+			Age:     3,
+			AgePtr:  &secondAgePtr,
+		},
+		{
+			Name:    "",
+			NamePtr: &thirdNamePtr,
+			Age:     0,
+			AgePtr:  &thirdAgePtr,
+		},
+	}
+
+	var value []struct {
+		Age     int64   `db:"age"`
+		AgePtr  *int64  `db:"age_ptr"`
+		Name    string  `db:"name"`
+		NamePtr *string `db:"name_ptr"`
+	}
+
+	dbtest.RunTest(t, func(db *sql.DB, mock sqlmock.Sqlmock) {
+		rs := sqlmock.NewRows([]string{"name", "name_ptr", "age", "age_ptr"}).
+			AddRow("first", nil, 2, nil).
+			AddRow("second", "second_ptr", 3, 30).
+			AddRow("", "third_ptr", 0, 0)
+
+		mock.ExpectQuery("select (.+) from users where user=?").
+			WithArgs("anyone").WillReturnRows(rs)
+
+		assert.Nil(t, query(context.Background(), db, func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
+			return unmarshalRows(&value, rows, true)
+		}, "select name, name_ptr, age, age_ptr from users where user=?", "anyone"))
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 3, len(value), "应该返回3行数据")
+
+		for i, each := range expect {
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Name, value[i].Name)
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Age, value[i].Age)
+
+			if each.NamePtr == nil {
+				assert.Nil(t, value[i].NamePtr)
+			} else {
+				assert.NotNil(t, value[i].NamePtr)
+				assert.Equal(t, *each.NamePtr, *value[i].NamePtr)
+			}
+
+			if each.AgePtr == nil {
+				assert.Nil(t, value[i].AgePtr)
+			} else {
+				assert.NotNil(t, value[i].AgePtr)
+				assert.Equal(t, *each.AgePtr, *value[i].AgePtr)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalRowsAllNullStructPtrFields(t *testing.T) {
+	expect := []struct {
+		NamePtr *string
+		AgePtr  *int64
+	}{
+		{
+			NamePtr: nil,
+			AgePtr:  nil,
+		},
+		{
+			NamePtr: stringPtr("second"),
+			AgePtr:  int64Ptr(30),
+		},
+		{
+			NamePtr: nil,
+			AgePtr:  nil,
+		},
+	}
+
+	var value []struct {
+		AgePtr  *int64  `db:"age_ptr"`
+		NamePtr *string `db:"name_ptr"`
+	}
+
+	dbtest.RunTest(t, func(db *sql.DB, mock sqlmock.Sqlmock) {
+		rs := sqlmock.NewRows([]string{"name_ptr", "age_ptr"}).
+			AddRow(nil, nil).
+			AddRow("second", 30).
+			AddRow(nil, nil)
+
+		mock.ExpectQuery("select (.+) from users where user=?").
+			WithArgs("anyone").WillReturnRows(rs)
+
+		assert.Nil(t, query(context.Background(), db, func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
+			return unmarshalRows(&value, rows, true)
+		}, "select name_ptr, age_ptr from users where user=?", "anyone"))
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 3, len(value))
+
+		for i, each := range expect {
+			if each.NamePtr == nil {
+				assert.Nil(t, value[i].NamePtr)
+			} else {
+				assert.NotNil(t, value[i].NamePtr)
+				assert.Equal(t, *each.NamePtr, *value[i].NamePtr)
+			}
+
+			if each.AgePtr == nil {
+				assert.Nil(t, value[i].AgePtr)
+			} else {
+				assert.NotNil(t, value[i].AgePtr)
+				assert.Equal(t, *each.AgePtr, *value[i].AgePtr)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalRowsWithSqlNullTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	expect := []struct {
+		Name       string
+		NullName   sql.NullString
+		Age        int64
+		NullAge    sql.NullInt64
+		Score      float64
+		NullScore  sql.NullFloat64
+		Active     bool
+		NullActive sql.NullBool
+	}{
+		{
+			Name: "first",
+			NullName: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  false,
+			},
+			Age: 20,
+			NullAge: sql.NullInt64{
+				Int64: 0,
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+			Score: 85.5,
+			NullScore: sql.NullFloat64{
+				Float64: 0,
+				Valid:   false,
+			},
+			Active: true,
+			NullActive: sql.NullBool{
+				Bool:  false,
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "second",
+			NullName: sql.NullString{
+				String: "not_null_name",
+				Valid:  true,
+			},
+			Age: 25,
+			NullAge: sql.NullInt64{
+				Int64: 30,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+			Score: 90.0,
+			NullScore: sql.NullFloat64{
+				Float64: 95.5,
+				Valid:   true,
+			},
+			Active: false,
+			NullActive: sql.NullBool{
+				Bool:  true,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "third",
+			NullName: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  false,
+			},
+			Age: 0,
+			NullAge: sql.NullInt64{
+				Int64: 0,
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+			Score: 0,
+			NullScore: sql.NullFloat64{
+				Float64: 0,
+				Valid:   false,
+			},
+			Active: false,
+			NullActive: sql.NullBool{
+				Bool:  false,
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	var value []struct {
+		Name       string          `db:"name"`
+		NullName   sql.NullString  `db:"null_name"`
+		Age        int64           `db:"age"`
+		NullAge    sql.NullInt64   `db:"null_age"`
+		Score      float64         `db:"score"`
+		NullScore  sql.NullFloat64 `db:"null_score"`
+		Active     bool            `db:"active"`
+		NullActive sql.NullBool    `db:"null_active"`
+	}
+
+	dbtest.RunTest(t, func(db *sql.DB, mock sqlmock.Sqlmock) {
+		rs := sqlmock.NewRows([]string{
+			"name", "null_name", "age", "null_age", "score", "null_score", "active", "null_active",
+		}).
+			AddRow("first", nil, 20, nil, 85.5, nil, true, nil).
+			AddRow("second", "not_null_name", 25, 30, 90.0, 95.5, false, true).
+			AddRow("third", nil, 0, nil, 0, nil, false, nil)
+
+		mock.ExpectQuery("select (.+) from users where type=?").
+			WithArgs("test").WillReturnRows(rs)
+
+		assert.Nil(t, query(context.Background(), db, func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
+			return unmarshalRows(&value, rows, true)
+		}, "select name, null_name, age, null_age, score, null_score, active, null_active from users where type=?", "test"))
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 3, len(value))
+
+		for i, each := range expect {
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Name, value[i].Name)
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Age, value[i].Age)
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Score, value[i].Score)
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Active, value[i].Active)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullName.Valid, value[i].NullName.Valid)
+			if each.NullName.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullName.String, value[i].NullName.String)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullAge.Valid, value[i].NullAge.Valid)
+			if each.NullAge.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullAge.Int64, value[i].NullAge.Int64)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullScore.Valid, value[i].NullScore.Valid)
+			if each.NullScore.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullScore.Float64, value[i].NullScore.Float64)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullActive.Valid, value[i].NullActive.Valid)
+			if each.NullActive.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullActive.Bool, value[i].NullActive.Bool)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalRowsSqlNullWithMixedData(t *testing.T) {
+	expect := []struct {
+		Name       string
+		NullName   sql.NullString
+		Age        int64
+		NullAge    sql.NullInt64
+		IsStudent  bool
+		NullActive sql.NullBool
+	}{
+		{
+			Name: "student1",
+			NullName: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  false,
+			},
+			Age: 18,
+			NullAge: sql.NullInt64{
+				Int64: 0,
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+			IsStudent: true,
+			NullActive: sql.NullBool{
+				Bool:  false,
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "student2",
+			NullName: sql.NullString{
+				String: "has_nickname",
+				Valid:  true,
+			},
+			Age: 20,
+			NullAge: sql.NullInt64{
+				Int64: 22,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+			IsStudent: false,
+			NullActive: sql.NullBool{
+				Bool:  true,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	var value []struct {
+		Name       string         `db:"name"`
+		NullName   sql.NullString `db:"null_name"`
+		Age        int64          `db:"age"`
+		NullAge    sql.NullInt64  `db:"null_age"`
+		IsStudent  bool           `db:"is_student"`
+		NullActive sql.NullBool   `db:"null_active"`
+	}
+
+	dbtest.RunTest(t, func(db *sql.DB, mock sqlmock.Sqlmock) {
+		rs := sqlmock.NewRows([]string{"name", "null_name", "age", "null_age", "is_student", "null_active"}).
+			AddRow("student1", nil, 18, nil, true, nil).
+			AddRow("student2", "has_nickname", 20, 22, false, true)
+
+		mock.ExpectQuery("select (.+) from students where class=?").
+			WithArgs("A").WillReturnRows(rs)
+
+		assert.Nil(t, query(context.Background(), db, func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
+			return unmarshalRows(&value, rows, true)
+		}, "select name, null_name, age, null_age, is_student, null_active from students where class=?", "A"))
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, len(value))
+
+		for i, each := range expect {
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Name, value[i].Name)
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Age, value[i].Age)
+			assert.Equal(t, each.IsStudent, value[i].IsStudent)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullName.Valid, value[i].NullName.Valid)
+			if each.NullName.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullName.String, value[i].NullName.String)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullAge.Valid, value[i].NullAge.Valid)
+			if each.NullAge.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullAge.Int64, value[i].NullAge.Int64)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullActive.Valid, value[i].NullActive.Valid)
+			if each.NullActive.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullActive.Bool, value[i].NullActive.Bool)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalRowsSqlNullTime(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	futureTime := now.AddDate(1, 0, 0)
+
+	expect := []struct {
+		Name      string
+		BirthDate sql.NullTime
+		LastLogin sql.NullTime
+	}{
+		{
+			Name: "user1",
+			BirthDate: sql.NullTime{
+				Time:  time.Time{},
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+			LastLogin: sql.NullTime{
+				Time:  now,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "user2",
+			BirthDate: sql.NullTime{
+				Time:  futureTime,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+			LastLogin: sql.NullTime{
+				Time:  time.Time{},
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	var value []struct {
+		Name      string       `db:"name"`
+		BirthDate sql.NullTime `db:"birth_date"`
+		LastLogin sql.NullTime `db:"last_login"`
+	}
+
+	dbtest.RunTest(t, func(db *sql.DB, mock sqlmock.Sqlmock) {
+		rs := sqlmock.NewRows([]string{"name", "birth_date", "last_login"}).
+			AddRow("user1", nil, now).
+			AddRow("user2", futureTime, nil)
+
+		mock.ExpectQuery("select (.+) from users").
+			WillReturnRows(rs)
+
+		assert.Nil(t, query(context.Background(), db, func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
+			return unmarshalRows(&value, rows, true)
+		}, "select name, birth_date, last_login from users"))
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, len(value))
+
+		for i, each := range expect {
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Name, value[i].Name)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.BirthDate.Valid, value[i].BirthDate.Valid)
+			if each.BirthDate.Valid {
+				assert.WithinDuration(t, each.BirthDate.Time, value[i].BirthDate.Time, time.Second)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.LastLogin.Valid, value[i].LastLogin.Valid)
+			if each.LastLogin.Valid {
+				assert.WithinDuration(t, each.LastLogin.Time, value[i].LastLogin.Time, time.Second)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalRowsSqlNullWithEmptyValues(t *testing.T) {
+	expect := []struct {
+		Name       string
+		NullString sql.NullString
+		NullInt    sql.NullInt64
+		NullFloat  sql.NullFloat64
+		NullBool   sql.NullBool
+	}{
+		{
+			Name: "empty_values",
+			NullString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  true,
+			},
+			NullInt: sql.NullInt64{
+				Int64: 0,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+			NullFloat: sql.NullFloat64{
+				Float64: 0.0,
+				Valid:   true,
+			},
+			NullBool: sql.NullBool{
+				Bool:  false,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "null_values",
+			NullString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  false,
+			},
+			NullInt: sql.NullInt64{
+				Int64: 0,
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+			NullFloat: sql.NullFloat64{
+				Float64: 0.0,
+				Valid:   false,
+			},
+			NullBool: sql.NullBool{
+				Bool:  false,
+				Valid: false,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "mixed_values",
+			NullString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "actual_value",
+				Valid:  true,
+			},
+			NullInt: sql.NullInt64{
+				Int64: 0,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+			NullFloat: sql.NullFloat64{
+				Float64: 0.0,
+				Valid:   false,
+			},
+			NullBool: sql.NullBool{
+				Bool:  true,
+				Valid: true,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	var value []struct {
+		Name       string          `db:"name"`
+		NullString sql.NullString  `db:"null_string"`
+		NullInt    sql.NullInt64   `db:"null_int"`
+		NullFloat  sql.NullFloat64 `db:"null_float"`
+		NullBool   sql.NullBool    `db:"null_bool"`
+	}
+
+	dbtest.RunTest(t, func(db *sql.DB, mock sqlmock.Sqlmock) {
+		rs := sqlmock.NewRows([]string{"name", "null_string", "null_int", "null_float", "null_bool"}).
+			AddRow("empty_values", "", 0, 0.0, false).
+			AddRow("null_values", nil, nil, nil, nil).
+			AddRow("mixed_values", "actual_value", 0, nil, true)
+
+		mock.ExpectQuery("select (.+) from test_table").
+			WillReturnRows(rs)
+
+		assert.Nil(t, query(context.Background(), db, func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
+			return unmarshalRows(&value, rows, true)
+		}, "select name, null_string, null_int, null_float, null_bool from test_table"))
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 3, len(value))
+
+		for i, each := range expect {
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.Name, value[i].Name)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullString.Valid, value[i].NullString.Valid)
+			if each.NullString.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullString.String, value[i].NullString.String)
+			} else {
+				assert.Equal(t, "", value[i].NullString.String)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullInt.Valid, value[i].NullInt.Valid)
+			if each.NullInt.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullInt.Int64, value[i].NullInt.Int64)
+			} else {
+				assert.Equal(t, int64(0), value[i].NullInt.Int64)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullFloat.Valid, value[i].NullFloat.Valid)
+			if each.NullFloat.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullFloat.Float64, value[i].NullFloat.Float64)
+			} else {
+				assert.Equal(t, 0.0, value[i].NullFloat.Float64)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NullBool.Valid, value[i].NullBool.Valid)
+			if each.NullBool.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NullBool.Bool, value[i].NullBool.Bool)
+			} else {
+				assert.Equal(t, false, value[i].NullBool.Bool)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalRowsSqlNullStringEmptyVsNull(t *testing.T) {
+	expect := []struct {
+		Name         string
+		EmptyString  sql.NullString
+		NullString   sql.NullString
+		NormalString sql.NullString
+	}{
+		{
+			Name: "row1",
+			EmptyString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  true,
+			},
+			NullString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  false,
+			},
+			NormalString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "hello",
+				Valid:  true,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "row2",
+			EmptyString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "   ",
+				Valid:  true,
+			},
+			NullString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  false,
+			},
+			NormalString: sql.NullString{
+				String: "",
+				Valid:  true,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	var value []struct {
+		Name         string         `db:"name"`
+		EmptyString  sql.NullString `db:"empty_string"`
+		NullString   sql.NullString `db:"null_string"`
+		NormalString sql.NullString `db:"normal_string"`
+	}
+
+	dbtest.RunTest(t, func(db *sql.DB, mock sqlmock.Sqlmock) {
+		rs := sqlmock.NewRows([]string{"name", "empty_string", "null_string", "normal_string"}).
+			AddRow("row1", "", nil, "hello").
+			AddRow("row2", "   ", nil, "")
+
+		mock.ExpectQuery("select (.+) from string_test").
+			WillReturnRows(rs)
+
+		assert.Nil(t, query(context.Background(), db, func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
+			return unmarshalRows(&value, rows, true)
+		}, "select name, empty_string, null_string, normal_string from string_test"))
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, len(value))
+
+		for i, each := range expect {
+			assert.True(t, value[i].EmptyString.Valid)
+			assert.Equal(t, each.EmptyString.String, value[i].EmptyString.String)
+
+			assert.False(t, value[i].NullString.Valid)
+			assert.Equal(t, "", value[i].NullString.String)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, each.NormalString.Valid, value[i].NormalString.Valid)
+			if each.NormalString.Valid {
+				assert.Equal(t, each.NormalString.String, value[i].NormalString.String)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestGetValueInterface(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("non_pointer_field", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type testStruct struct {
+			Name string
+			Age  int
+		}
+		s := testStruct{}
+		v := reflect.ValueOf(&s).Elem()
+
+		nameField := v.Field(0)
+		result, err := getValueInterface(nameField)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotNil(t, result)
+
+		// Should return pointer to the field
+		ptr, ok := result.(*string)
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+		*ptr = "test"
+		assert.Equal(t, "test", s.Name)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("pointer_field_nil", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type testStruct struct {
+			NamePtr *string
+			AgePtr  *int64
+		}
+		s := testStruct{}
+		v := reflect.ValueOf(&s).Elem()
+
+		// Test with nil pointer field
+		namePtrField := v.Field(0)
+		assert.True(t, namePtrField.IsNil(), "initial pointer should be nil")
+
+		result, err := getValueInterface(namePtrField)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotNil(t, result)
+
+		// Should have allocated the pointer
+		assert.False(t, namePtrField.IsNil(), "pointer should be allocated after getValueInterface")
+
+		// Should return pointer to pointer field
+		ptrPtr, ok := result.(**string)
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+		testValue := "initialized"
+		*ptrPtr = &testValue
+		assert.NotNil(t, s.NamePtr)
+		assert.Equal(t, "initialized", *s.NamePtr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("pointer_field_already_allocated", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type testStruct struct {
+			NamePtr *string
+		}
+		initial := "existing"
+		s := testStruct{NamePtr: &initial}
+		v := reflect.ValueOf(&s).Elem()
+
+		namePtrField := v.Field(0)
+		assert.False(t, namePtrField.IsNil(), "pointer should not be nil initially")
+
+		result, err := getValueInterface(namePtrField)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotNil(t, result)
+
+		// Should return pointer to pointer field
+		ptrPtr, ok := result.(**string)
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+
+		// Verify it points to the existing value
+		assert.Equal(t, "existing", **ptrPtr)
+
+		// Modify through the returned pointer
+		newValue := "modified"
+		*ptrPtr = &newValue
+		assert.Equal(t, "modified", *s.NamePtr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("pointer_field_zero_value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type testStruct struct {
+			IntPtr *int
+		}
+		s := testStruct{}
+		v := reflect.ValueOf(&s).Elem()
+
+		intPtrField := v.Field(0)
+		result, err := getValueInterface(intPtrField)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// After calling getValueInterface, nil pointer should be allocated
+		assert.NotNil(t, s.IntPtr)
+
+		// Set zero value through returned interface
+		ptrPtr, ok := result.(**int)
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+		zero := 0
+		*ptrPtr = &zero
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, *s.IntPtr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not_addressable_value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type testStruct struct {
+			Name string
+		}
+		s := testStruct{Name: "test"}
+		v := reflect.ValueOf(s) // Non-pointer, not addressable
+
+		nameField := v.Field(0)
+		result, err := getValueInterface(nameField)
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, ErrNotReadableValue, err)
+		assert.Nil(t, result)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("multiple_pointer_types", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type testStruct struct {
+			StringPtr *string
+			IntPtr    *int
+			Int64Ptr  *int64
+			FloatPtr  *float64
+			BoolPtr   *bool
+		}
+		s := testStruct{}
+		v := reflect.ValueOf(&s).Elem()
+
+		// Test each pointer type gets properly initialized
+		for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
+			field := v.Field(i)
+			assert.True(t, field.IsNil(), "field %d should start as nil", i)
+
+			result, err := getValueInterface(field)
+			assert.NoError(t, err, "field %d should not error", i)
+			assert.NotNil(t, result, "field %d result should not be nil", i)
+
+			// After getValueInterface, pointer should be allocated
+			assert.False(t, field.IsNil(), "field %d should be allocated", i)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func stringPtr(s string) *string {
+	return &s
+}
+
+func int64Ptr(i int64) *int64 {
+	return &i
+}
+
 func BenchmarkIgnore(b *testing.B) {
 	db, mock, err := sqlmock.New()
 	if err != nil {

core/threading/routinegroup_test.go

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 package threading
 
 import (
-	"io"
-	"log"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx/logtest"
 )
 
 func TestRoutineGroupRun(t *testing.T) {
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ func TestRoutineGroupRun(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRoutingGroupRunSafe(t *testing.T) {
-	log.SetOutput(io.Discard)
+	logtest.Discard(t)
 
 	var count int32
 	group := NewRoutineGroup()

core/threading/routines_test.go

@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@ package threading
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"io"
-	"log"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx/logtest"
 )
 
 func TestRoutineId(t *testing.T) {
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ func TestRoutineId(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRunSafe(t *testing.T) {
-	log.SetOutput(io.Discard)
+	logtest.Discard(t)
 
 	i := 0
 

core/trace/agent.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"sync"
 
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/jaeger"
@@ -30,42 +29,36 @@ const (
 )
 
 var (
-	agents = make(map[string]lang.PlaceholderType)
+	once           sync.Once
-	lock   sync.Mutex
+	tp             *sdktrace.TracerProvider
-	tp     *sdktrace.TracerProvider
+	shutdownOnceFn = sync.OnceFunc(func() {
+		if tp != nil {
+			_ = tp.Shutdown(context.Background())
+		}
+	})
 )
 
 // StartAgent starts an opentelemetry agent.
+// It uses sync.Once to ensure the agent is initialized only once,
+// similar to prometheus.StartAgent and logx.SetUp.
+// This prevents multiple ServiceConf.SetUp() calls from reinitializing
+// the global tracer provider when running multiple servers (e.g., REST + RPC)
+// in the same process.
 func StartAgent(c Config) {
 	if c.Disabled {
 		return
 	}
 
-	lock.Lock()
+	once.Do(func() {
-	defer lock.Unlock()
+		if err := startAgent(c); err != nil {
-
+			logx.Error(err)
-	_, ok := agents[c.Endpoint]
+		}
-	if ok {
+	})
-		return
-	}
-
-	// if error happens, let later calls run.
-	if err := startAgent(c); err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	agents[c.Endpoint] = lang.Placeholder
 }
 
 // StopAgent shuts down the span processors in the order they were registered.
 func StopAgent() {
-	lock.Lock()
+	shutdownOnceFn()
-	defer lock.Unlock()
-
-	if tp != nil {
-		_ = tp.Shutdown(context.Background())
-		tp = nil
-	}
 }
 
 func createExporter(c Config) (sdktrace.SpanExporter, error) {

core/trace/agent_test.go

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 package trace
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 )
 
 func TestStartAgent(t *testing.T) {
@@ -89,23 +92,305 @@ func TestStartAgent(t *testing.T) {
 	StartAgent(c10)
 	defer StopAgent()
 
-	lock.Lock()
+	// With sync.Once, only the first non-disabled config (c1) takes effect.
-	defer lock.Unlock()
+	// Subsequent calls are ignored, which is the desired behavior to prevent
-
+	// multiple servers (REST + RPC) from reinitializing the global tracer.
-	// because remotehost cannot be resolved
+	assert.NotNil(t, tp)
-	assert.Equal(t, 6, len(agents))
+}
-	_, ok := agents[""]
+
-	assert.True(t, ok)
+func TestCreateExporter_InvalidFilePath(t *testing.T) {
-	_, ok = agents[endpoint1]
+	logx.Disable()
-	assert.True(t, ok)
+
-	_, ok = agents[endpoint2]
+	c := Config{
-	assert.False(t, ok)
+		Name:     "test-invalid-file",
-	_, ok = agents[endpoint5]
+		Endpoint: "/non-existent-directory/trace.log",
-	assert.True(t, ok)
+		Batcher:  kindFile,
-	_, ok = agents[endpoint6]
+	}
-	assert.False(t, ok)
+
-	_, ok = agents[endpoint71]
+	_, err := createExporter(c)
-	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
-	_, ok = agents[endpoint72]
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "file exporter endpoint error")
-	assert.False(t, ok)
+}
+
+func TestCreateExporter_UnknownBatcher(t *testing.T) {
+	logx.Disable()
+
+	c := Config{
+		Name:     "test-unknown",
+		Endpoint: "localhost:1234",
+		Batcher:  "unknown-batcher-type",
+	}
+
+	_, err := createExporter(c)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown exporter")
+}
+
+func TestCreateExporter_ValidExporters(t *testing.T) {
+	logx.Disable()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		config  Config
+		wantErr bool
+		errMsg  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "valid file exporter",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "file-test",
+				Endpoint: "/tmp/trace-test.log",
+				Batcher:  kindFile,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid file path",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "file-test-invalid",
+				Endpoint: "/invalid-path/that/does/not/exist/trace.log",
+				Batcher:  kindFile,
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "file exporter endpoint error",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unknown batcher",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "unknown-test",
+				Endpoint: "localhost:1234",
+				Batcher:  "invalid-batcher",
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "unknown exporter",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "jaeger http",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "jaeger-http",
+				Endpoint: "http://localhost:14268/api/traces",
+				Batcher:  kindJaeger,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "jaeger udp",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "jaeger-udp",
+				Endpoint: "udp://localhost:6831",
+				Batcher:  kindJaeger,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "zipkin",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "zipkin",
+				Endpoint: "http://localhost:9411/api/v2/spans",
+				Batcher:  kindZipkin,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "otlpgrpc",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "otlpgrpc",
+				Endpoint: "localhost:4317",
+				Batcher:  kindOtlpGrpc,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "otlpgrpc with headers",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "otlpgrpc-headers",
+				Endpoint: "localhost:4317",
+				Batcher:  kindOtlpGrpc,
+				OtlpHeaders: map[string]string{
+					"authorization": "Bearer token123",
+					"x-custom-key":  "custom-value",
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "otlphttp",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "otlphttp",
+				Endpoint: "localhost:4318",
+				Batcher:  kindOtlpHttp,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "otlphttp with headers",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "otlphttp-headers",
+				Endpoint: "localhost:4318",
+				Batcher:  kindOtlpHttp,
+				OtlpHeaders: map[string]string{
+					"authorization": "Bearer token456",
+					"x-api-key":     "api-key-value",
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "otlphttp with headers and path",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:         "otlphttp-headers-path",
+				Endpoint:     "localhost:4318",
+				Batcher:      kindOtlpHttp,
+				OtlpHttpPath: "/v1/traces",
+				OtlpHeaders: map[string]string{
+					"authorization":  "Bearer token789",
+					"x-custom-trace": "trace-id",
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "otlphttp with secure connection",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:           "otlphttp-secure",
+				Endpoint:       "localhost:4318",
+				Batcher:        kindOtlpHttp,
+				OtlpHttpSecure: true,
+				OtlpHeaders: map[string]string{
+					"authorization": "Bearer secure-token",
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			exporter, err := createExporter(tt.config)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+				if tt.errMsg != "" {
+					assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errMsg)
+				}
+				assert.Nil(t, exporter)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.NotNil(t, exporter)
+				// Clean up the exporter
+				if exporter != nil {
+					_ = exporter.Shutdown(context.Background())
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStopAgent(t *testing.T) {
+	logx.Disable()
+
+	// StopAgent should be idempotent and safe to call multiple times
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		StopAgent()
+		StopAgent()
+		StopAgent()
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStartAgent_WithEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	logx.Disable()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		config  Config
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "empty endpoint - no exporter created",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:    "test-no-endpoint",
+				Sampler: 1.0,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid endpoint with file exporter",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "test-with-endpoint",
+				Endpoint: "/tmp/test-trace.log",
+				Batcher:  kindFile,
+				Sampler:  1.0,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "endpoint with invalid exporter type",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "test-invalid-batcher",
+				Endpoint: "localhost:1234",
+				Batcher:  "invalid-type",
+				Sampler:  1.0,
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "endpoint with invalid file path",
+			config: Config{
+				Name:     "test-invalid-path",
+				Endpoint: "/non/existent/path/trace.log",
+				Batcher:  kindFile,
+				Sampler:  1.0,
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Reset tp for each test
+			originalTp := tp
+			tp = nil
+			defer func() {
+				if tp != nil {
+					_ = tp.Shutdown(context.Background())
+				}
+				tp = originalTp
+			}()
+
+			err := startAgent(tt.config)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.NotNil(t, tp, "TracerProvider should be created")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStartAgent_ErrorHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	// Setup a tracer provider to test error handler
+	originalTp := tp
+	tp = nil
+	defer func() {
+		if tp != nil {
+			_ = tp.Shutdown(context.Background())
+		}
+		tp = originalTp
+	}()
+
+	// Call startAgent to set up the error handler
+	config := Config{
+		Name:    "test-error-handler",
+		Sampler: 1.0,
+	}
+	err := startAgent(config)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, tp)
+
+	// Verify the error handler was set and can be called without panicking
+	// We test this by calling otel.Handle which will invoke the registered error handler
+	testErr := errors.New("test otel error")
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		otel.Handle(testErr)
+	}, "Error handler should handle errors without panicking")
 }

gateway/internal/eventhandler.go

@@ -12,6 +12,16 @@ import (
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
 )
 
+const (
+	// MetadataHeaderPrefix is the http prefix that represents custom metadata
+	// parameters to or from a gRPC call.
+	MetadataHeaderPrefix = "Grpc-Metadata-"
+
+	// MetadataTrailerPrefix is prepended to gRPC metadata as it is converted to
+	// HTTP headers in a response handled by go-zero gateway
+	MetadataTrailerPrefix = "Grpc-Trailer-"
+)
+
 type EventHandler struct {
 	Status    *status.Status
 	writer    io.Writer
@@ -31,9 +41,10 @@ func NewEventHandler(writer io.Writer, resolver jsonpb.AnyResolver) *EventHandle
 func (h *EventHandler) OnReceiveHeaders(md metadata.MD) {
 	w, ok := h.writer.(http.ResponseWriter)
 	if ok {
-		for k, v := range md {
+		for k, vs := range md {
-			for _, val := range v {
+			header := defaultOutgoingHeaderMatcher(k)
-				w.Header().Add(k, val)
+			for _, v := range vs {
+				w.Header().Add(header, v)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -48,9 +59,10 @@ func (h *EventHandler) OnReceiveResponse(message proto.Message) {
 func (h *EventHandler) OnReceiveTrailers(status *status.Status, md metadata.MD) {
 	w, ok := h.writer.(http.ResponseWriter)
 	if ok {
-		for k, v := range md {
+		for k, vs := range md {
-			for _, val := range v {
+			header := defaultOutgoingTrailerMatcher(k)
-				w.Header().Add(k, val)
+			for _, v := range vs {
+				w.Header().Add(header, v)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -63,3 +75,11 @@ func (h *EventHandler) OnResolveMethod(_ *desc.MethodDescriptor) {
 
 func (h *EventHandler) OnSendHeaders(_ metadata.MD) {
 }
+
+func defaultOutgoingHeaderMatcher(key string) string {
+	return MetadataHeaderPrefix + key
+}
+
+func defaultOutgoingTrailerMatcher(key string) string {
+	return MetadataTrailerPrefix + key
+}

gateway/internal/eventhandler_test.go

@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ func TestEventHandler_OnReceiveTrailers(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			expectedStatus: codes.OK,
 			expectedHeader: map[string][]string{
-				"X-Custom-Header":  {"value1", "value2"},
+				"Grpc-Trailer-X-Custom-Header":  {"value1", "value2"},
-				"X-Another-Header": {"single-value"},
+				"Grpc-Trailer-X-Another-Header": {"single-value"},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ func TestEventHandler_OnReceiveHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 				"x-another-header": []string{"single-value"},
 			},
 			expectedHeader: map[string][]string{
-				"Content-Type":     {"application/json"},
+				"Grpc-Metadata-Content-Type":     {"application/json"},
-				"X-Custom-Header":  {"value1", "value2"},
+				"Grpc-Metadata-X-Custom-Header":  {"value1", "value2"},
-				"X-Another-Header": {"single-value"},
+				"Grpc-Metadata-X-Another-Header": {"single-value"},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -158,7 +158,81 @@ func TestEventHandler_OnReceiveHeaders_MultipleValues(t *testing.T) {
 		"x-header-2": []string{"value3"},
 	})
 	
-	// Check that headers are accumulated (not overwritten)
+	// Check that headers are accumulated (not overwritten) with proper prefix
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"value1", "value2"}, recorder.Header()["X-Header-1"])
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"value1", "value2"}, recorder.Header()["Grpc-Metadata-X-Header-1"])
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"value3"}, recorder.Header()["X-Header-2"])
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"value3"}, recorder.Header()["Grpc-Metadata-X-Header-2"])
+}
+
+func TestEventHandler_OnReceiveHeaders_MetadataPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		metadata       metadata.MD
+		expectedHeader map[string][]string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "all metadata headers should be prefixed with Grpc-Metadata-",
+			metadata: metadata.MD{
+				"content-type":    []string{"application/grpc"},
+				"x-custom-header": []string{"value1"},
+				"authorization":   []string{"Bearer token"},
+			},
+			expectedHeader: map[string][]string{
+				"Grpc-Metadata-Content-Type":    {"application/grpc"},
+				"Grpc-Metadata-X-Custom-Header": {"value1"},
+				"Grpc-Metadata-Authorization":   {"Bearer token"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mixed case headers should be prefixed",
+			metadata: metadata.MD{
+				"Content-Type":    []string{"APPLICATION/JSON"},
+				"X-Custom-Header": []string{"value1"},
+			},
+			expectedHeader: map[string][]string{
+				"Grpc-Metadata-Content-Type":    {"APPLICATION/JSON"},
+				"Grpc-Metadata-X-Custom-Header": {"value1"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "multiple values for same header",
+			metadata: metadata.MD{
+				"x-multi-header": []string{"value1", "value2", "value3"},
+			},
+			expectedHeader: map[string][]string{
+				"Grpc-Metadata-X-Multi-Header": {"value1", "value2", "value3"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty metadata",
+			metadata: metadata.MD{},
+			expectedHeader: map[string][]string{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			h := NewEventHandler(recorder, nil)
+			
+			h.OnReceiveHeaders(tt.metadata)
+			
+			// Check that headers are set correctly
+			for key, expectedValues := range tt.expectedHeader {
+				actualValues := recorder.Header()[key]
+				assert.Equal(t, expectedValues, actualValues, "Header %s should match", key)
+			}
+			
+			// Ensure no unexpected headers are set
+			for actualKey := range recorder.Header() {
+				found := false
+				for expectedKey := range tt.expectedHeader {
+					if actualKey == expectedKey {
+						found = true
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				assert.True(t, found, "Unexpected header found: %s", actualKey)
+			}
+		})
+	}
 }

gateway/internal/headerprocessor.go

@@ -11,16 +11,40 @@ const (
 	metadataPrefix       = "gateway-"
 )
 
+// OpenTelemetry trace propagation headers that need to be forwarded to gRPC metadata.
+// These headers are used by the W3C Trace Context standard for distributed tracing.
+var traceHeaders = map[string]bool{
+	"traceparent": true,
+	"tracestate":  true,
+	"baggage":     true,
+}
+
 // ProcessHeaders builds the headers for the gateway from HTTP headers.
+// It forwards both custom metadata headers (with Grpc-Metadata- prefix)
+// and OpenTelemetry trace propagation headers (traceparent, tracestate, baggage)
+// to ensure distributed tracing works correctly across the gateway.
 func ProcessHeaders(header http.Header) []string {
 	var headers []string
 
 	for k, v := range header {
+		// Forward OpenTelemetry trace propagation headers
+		// These must be lowercase per gRPC metadata conventions
+		if lowerKey := strings.ToLower(k); traceHeaders[lowerKey] {
+			for _, vv := range v {
+				headers = append(headers, lowerKey+":"+vv)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Forward custom metadata headers with Grpc-Metadata- prefix
 		if !strings.HasPrefix(k, metadataHeaderPrefix) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		key := fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", metadataPrefix, strings.TrimPrefix(k, metadataHeaderPrefix))
+		// gRPC metadata keys are case-insensitive and stored as lowercase,
+		// so we lowercase the key to match gRPC conventions
+		trimmedKey := strings.TrimPrefix(k, metadataHeaderPrefix)
+		key := strings.ToLower(fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", metadataPrefix, trimmedKey))
 		for _, vv := range v {
 			headers = append(headers, key+":"+vv)
 		}

gateway/internal/headerprocessor_test.go

@@ -18,5 +18,93 @@ func TestBuildHeadersWithValues(t *testing.T) {
 	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", http.NoBody)
 	req.Header.Add("grpc-metadata-a", "b")
 	req.Header.Add("grpc-metadata-b", "b")
-	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"gateway-A:b", "gateway-B:b"}, ProcessHeaders(req.Header))
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"gateway-a:b", "gateway-b:b"}, ProcessHeaders(req.Header))
+}
+
+func TestProcessHeadersWithTraceContext(t *testing.T) {
+	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", http.NoBody)
+	req.Header.Set("traceparent", "00-4bf92f3577b34da6a3ce929d0e0e4736-00f067aa0ba902b7-01")
+	req.Header.Set("tracestate", "key1=value1,key2=value2")
+	req.Header.Set("baggage", "userId=alice,serverNode=DF:28")
+
+	headers := ProcessHeaders(req.Header)
+
+	assert.Len(t, headers, 3)
+	assert.Contains(t, headers, "traceparent:00-4bf92f3577b34da6a3ce929d0e0e4736-00f067aa0ba902b7-01")
+	assert.Contains(t, headers, "tracestate:key1=value1,key2=value2")
+	assert.Contains(t, headers, "baggage:userId=alice,serverNode=DF:28")
+}
+
+func TestProcessHeadersWithMixedHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", http.NoBody)
+	req.Header.Set("traceparent", "00-4bf92f3577b34da6a3ce929d0e0e4736-00f067aa0ba902b7-01")
+	req.Header.Set("grpc-metadata-custom", "value1")
+	req.Header.Set("content-type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("tracestate", "key1=value1")
+
+	headers := ProcessHeaders(req.Header)
+
+	// Should include trace headers and grpc-metadata headers, but not regular headers
+	assert.Len(t, headers, 3)
+	assert.Contains(t, headers, "traceparent:00-4bf92f3577b34da6a3ce929d0e0e4736-00f067aa0ba902b7-01")
+	assert.Contains(t, headers, "tracestate:key1=value1")
+	assert.Contains(t, headers, "gateway-custom:value1")
+}
+
+func TestProcessHeadersTraceparentCaseInsensitive(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		headerKey   string
+		headerVal   string
+		expectedKey string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "lowercase traceparent",
+			headerKey:   "traceparent",
+			headerVal:   "00-trace-span-01",
+			expectedKey: "traceparent",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "uppercase Traceparent",
+			headerKey:   "Traceparent",
+			headerVal:   "00-trace-span-01",
+			expectedKey: "traceparent",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "mixed case TraceParent",
+			headerKey:   "TraceParent",
+			headerVal:   "00-trace-span-01",
+			expectedKey: "traceparent",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "lowercase tracestate",
+			headerKey:   "tracestate",
+			headerVal:   "key=value",
+			expectedKey: "tracestate",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "mixed case TraceState",
+			headerKey:   "TraceState",
+			headerVal:   "key=value",
+			expectedKey: "tracestate",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", http.NoBody)
+			req.Header.Set(tt.headerKey, tt.headerVal)
+
+			headers := ProcessHeaders(req.Header)
+
+			assert.Len(t, headers, 1)
+			assert.Contains(t, headers, tt.expectedKey+":"+tt.headerVal)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessHeadersEmptyHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", http.NoBody)
+	headers := ProcessHeaders(req.Header)
+	assert.Empty(t, headers)
 }

go.mod

@@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
-	github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.4
+	github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.7
 	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.4
 	github.com/jhump/protoreflect v1.17.0
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.21.1
-	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.12.1
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.17.2
 	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.15
 	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.15
-	go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.3.0
+	go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.4.1
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/jaeger v1.17.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.24.0
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/gnostic-models v0.6.8 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.8 // indirect
+	github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.20.0 // indirect
 	github.com/h2non/parth v0.0.0-20190131123155-b4df798d6542 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210720184732-4bb14d4b1be1 h1:K6RDEckDVWvDI9JAJY
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20210720184732-4bb14d4b1be1/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
-github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.4 h1:B22GMXz+O0nWLatxLuaP7o7L9dvP0clLvIpmeEQQM0Q=
+github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.7 h1:VWBBlqxjyR0Cwk2W6UrE8CdcdD80GOFNutj0Kb1T8ac=
-github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.4/go.mod h1:zzT9QXQAp2Iz2ZdS216UiV8y9uXJYQiGE1q8v1FyhqU=
+github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.7/go.mod h1:o/bpSLiJYYP6HQtvcoVKiE9s5RiNgjYTj1DhiddP2Pc=
-github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.8 h1:iwOtYXeeVSAeYefJNaxDytgjKtUuKQbJqgAIjlnicKg=
+github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.9 h1:c1Us8i6eSmkW+Ez05d3co8kasnuOY813tbMN8i/a3Og=
-github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.8/go.mod h1:2+l7K7twW49Ct4wFluZD3tZ6e0SjanjcUUBPVD/UuGU=
+github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.9/go.mod h1:2+l7K7twW49Ct4wFluZD3tZ6e0SjanjcUUBPVD/UuGU=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.20.0 h1:bkypFPDjIYGfCYD5mRBvpqxfYX1YCS1PXdKYWi8FsN0=
 github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.20.0/go.mod h1:P+Lt/0by1T8bfcF3z737NnSbmxQAppXMRziHUxPOC8k=
 github.com/h2non/parth v0.0.0-20190131123155-b4df798d6542 h1:2VTzZjLZBgl62/EtslCrtky5vbi9dd7HrQPQIx6wqiw=
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 h1:xasJaQlnWAeyHdUBeGjXmutelfJHWMRr+Fg4QszZ
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0/go.mod h1:vyBcEuLSvWos9B1+CyL7JZ2up+uFzXhkqml0W5zIY1I=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 h1:YagwOFzUgYfKKHX6Dr+sHT7km/hxC76UB0learggepc=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1/go.mod h1:fB45yRUv8NstnjriLhBQLuOUt+WW4BsoGhij/e3PBqk=
-github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.12.1 h1:k5iquqv27aBtnTm2tIkROUDp8JBXhXZIVu1InSgvovg=
+github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.17.2 h1:P2EGsA4qVIM3Pp+aPocCJ7DguDHhqrXNhVcEp4ViluI=
-github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.12.1/go.mod h1:huWgSWd8mW6+m0VPhJjSSQ+d6Nh1VICQ6Q5lHuCH/Iw=
+github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.17.2/go.mod h1:u410H11HMLoB+TP67dz8rL9s6QW2j76l0//kSOd3370=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 h1:S1pD9weZBuJdFmowNwbpi7BJ8TNftyUImj/0WQi72jY=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 h1:TMyTOH3F/DB16zRVcYyreMH6GnZZrwQVAoYjRBZyWFQ=
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.1/go.mod h1:w2LPCIKwWwSfY2zedu0+kehJoqGctiVI29o6fzry7u4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 github.com/xdg-go/pbkdf2 v1.0.0 h1:Su7DPu48wXMwC3bs7MCNG+z4FhcyEuz5dlvchbq0B0c=
 github.com/xdg-go/pbkdf2 v1.0.0/go.mod h1:jrpuAogTd400dnrH08LKmI/xc1MbPOebTwRqcT5RDeI=
 github.com/xdg-go/scram v1.1.2 h1:FHX5I5B4i4hKRVRBCFRxq1iQRej7WO3hhBuJf+UUySY=
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.15 h1:fo0HpWz/KlHGMCC+YejpiCmyWDEuIpnTDzpJLB5
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.15/go.mod h1:mXDI4NAOwEiszrHCb0aqfAYNCrZP4e9hRca3d1YK8EU=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.15 h1:23M0eY4Fd/inNv1ZfU3AxrbbOdW79r9V9Rl62Nm6ip4=
 go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.15/go.mod h1:CLSJxrYjvLtHsrPKsy7LmZEE+DK2ktfd2bN4RhBMwlU=
-go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.3.0 h1:sh55yOXA2vUjW1QYw/2tRlHSQViwDyPnW61AwpZ4rtU=
+go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.4.1 h1:hGDMngUao03OVQ6sgV5csk+RWOIkF+CuLsTPobNMGNI=
-go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:jHeEDJHJq7tm6ZF45Issun9dbogjfnPySb1vXA7EeAI=
+go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.4.1/go.mod h1:jHeEDJHJq7tm6ZF45Issun9dbogjfnPySb1vXA7EeAI=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0 h1:0LAOdjNmQeSTzGBzduGe/rU4tZhMwL5rWgtp9Ku5Jfo=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0/go.mod h1:W7b9Ozg4nkF5tWI5zsXkaKKDjdVjpD4oAt9Qi/MArHo=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/jaeger v1.17.0 h1:D7UpUy2Xc2wsi1Ras6V40q806WM07rqoCWzXu7Sqy+4=

internal/health/health.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func AddProbe(probe Probe) {
 	defaultHealthManager.addProbe(probe)
 }
 
-// CreateHttpHandler create health http handler base on given probe.
+// CreateHttpHandler creates a health http handler based on the given probe.
 func CreateHttpHandler(healthResponse string) http.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
 		if defaultHealthManager.IsReady() {

readme-cn.md

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 <a href="https://trendshift.io/repositories/3263" target="_blank"><img src="https://trendshift.io/api/badge/repositories/3263" alt="zeromicro%2Fgo-zero | Trendshift" style="width: 250px; height: 55px;" width="250" height="55"/></a>
 <a href="https://www.producthunt.com/posts/go-zero?utm_source=badge-featured&utm_medium=badge&utm_souce=badge-go&#0045;zero" target="_blank"><img src="https://api.producthunt.com/widgets/embed-image/v1/featured.svg?post_id=334030&theme=light" alt="go&#0045;zero - A&#0032;web&#0032;&#0038;&#0032;rpc&#0032;framework&#0032;written&#0032;in&#0032;Go&#0046; | Product Hunt" style="width: 250px; height: 54px;" width="250" height="54" /></a>
 
-## 0. go-zero 介绍
+## go-zero 介绍
 
 go-zero（收录于 CNCF 云原生技术全景图：[https://landscape.cncf.io/?selected=go-zero](https://landscape.cncf.io/?selected=go-zero)）是一个集成了各种工程实践的 web 和 rpc 框架。通过弹性设计保障了大并发服务端的稳定性，经受了充分的实战检验。
 
@@ -25,72 +25,50 @@ go-zero 包含极简的 API 定义和生成工具 goctl，可以根据定义的
 
 使用 go-zero 的好处：
 
-* 轻松获得支撑千万日活服务的稳定性
+* 经过千万日活服务验证的稳定性
-* 内建级联超时控制、限流、自适应熔断、自适应降载等微服务治理能力，无需配置和额外代码
+* 内建弹性保护:级联超时、限流、熔断、降载(无需配置)
-* 微服务治理中间件可无缝集成到其它现有框架使用
+* 极简 API 语法生成多端代码
-* 极简的 API 描述，一键生成各端代码
+* 自动参数校验和丰富的微服务工具包
-* 自动校验客户端请求参数合法性
-* 大量微服务治理和并发工具包
 
 ![架构图](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/architecture.png)
 
-## 1. go-zero 框架背景
+## go-zero 框架背景
 
-18 年初，我们决定从 `Java+MongoDB` 的单体架构迁移到微服务架构，经过仔细思考和对比，我们决定：
+18 年初，我们决定从 `Java+MongoDB` 的单体架构迁移到微服务架构，选择:
 
-* 基于 Go 语言
+* **基于 Go 语言** - 高效性能、简洁语法、极致部署体验、极低资源成本
-  * 高效的性能
+* **自研微服务框架** - 更快速的问题定位、更便捷的新特性增加
-  * 简洁的语法
-  * 广泛验证的工程效率
-  * 极致的部署体验
-  * 极低的服务端资源成本
-* 自研微服务框架
-  * 有过很多微服务框架自研经验
-  * 需要有更快速的问题定位能力
-  * 更便捷的增加新特性
 
-## 2. go-zero 框架设计思考
+## go-zero 框架设计思考
 
-对于微服务框架的设计，我们期望保障微服务稳定性的同时，也要特别注重研发效率。所以设计之初，我们就有如下一些准则：
+go-zero 遵循以下核心设计准则:
 
-* 保持简单，第一原则
+* **保持简单** - 简单是第一原则
-* 弹性设计，面向故障编程
+* **高可用** - 高并发、易扩展
-* 工具大于约定和文档
+* **弹性设计** - 面向故障编程
-* 高可用、高并发、易扩展
+* **工具驱动** - 工具大于约定和文档
-* 对业务开发友好，封装复杂度
+* **业务友好** - 封装复杂度、一事一法
-* 约束做一件事只有一种方式
 
-我们经历不到半年时间，彻底完成了从 `Java+MongoDB` 到 `Golang+MySQL` 为主的微服务体系迁移，并于 18 年 8 月底完全上线，稳定保障了业务后续迅速增长，确保了整个服务的高可用。
+## go-zero 项目实现和特点
 
-## 3. go-zero 项目实现和特点
+go-zero 集成各种工程实践，主要特点:
 
-go-zero 是一个集成了各种工程实践的包含 web 和 rpc 框架，有如下主要特点：
+* **强大工具支持** - 尽可能少的代码编写
-
+* **极简接口** - 完全兼容 net/http
-* 强大的工具支持，尽可能少的代码编写
+* **高性能** - 优化的速度和效率
-* 极简的接口
+* **弹性设计** - 内建限流、熔断、降载，自动触发、自动恢复
-* 完全兼容 net/http
+* **服务治理** - 内建服务发现、负载均衡、链路跟踪
-* 支持中间件，方便扩展
+* **开发工具** - API 参数自动校验、超时级联控制、自动缓存控制
-* 高性能
-* 面向故障编程，弹性设计
-* 内建服务发现、负载均衡
-* 内建限流、熔断、降载，且自动触发，自动恢复
-* API 参数自动校验
-* 超时级联控制
-* 自动缓存控制
-* 链路跟踪、统计报警等
-* 高并发支撑，稳定保障了疫情期间每天的流量洪峰
-
-如下图，我们从多个层面保障了整体服务的高可用：
 
 ![弹性设计](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/resilience.jpg)
 
-## 4. 我们使用 go-zero 的基本架构图
+## 我们使用 go-zero 的基本架构图
 
 <img width="1067" alt="image" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1918356/171880582-11a86658-41c3-466c-95e7-7b1220eecc52.png">
 
 觉得不错的话，别忘 **star** 👏
 
-## 5. Installation
+## Installation
 
 在项目目录下通过如下命令安装：
 
@@ -98,7 +76,57 @@ go-zero 是一个集成了各种工程实践的包含 web 和 rpc 框架，有
 GO111MODULE=on GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn/,direct go get -u github.com/zeromicro/go-zero
 ```
 
-## 6. Quick Start
+## AI 原生开发
+
+go-zero 团队构建了完整的 AI 工具生态，让 Claude、GitHub Copilot、Cursor 生成符合 go-zero 规范的代码。
+
+### 三大核心项目
+
+**[ai-context](https://github.com/zeromicro/ai-context)** - AI 的工作流程指南
+
+**[zero-skills](https://github.com/zeromicro/zero-skills)** - 模式库和示例
+
+**[mcp-zero](https://github.com/zeromicro/mcp-zero)** - 基于 MCP 的代码生成工具
+
+### 快速配置
+
+#### GitHub Copilot
+```bash
+git submodule add https://github.com/zeromicro/ai-context.git .github/ai-context
+ln -s ai-context/00-instructions.md .github/copilot-instructions.md  # macOS/Linux
+# Windows: mklink .github\copilot-instructions.md .github\ai-context\00-instructions.md
+git submodule update --remote .github/ai-context  # 更新
+```
+
+#### Cursor
+```bash
+git submodule add https://github.com/zeromicro/ai-context.git .cursorrules
+git submodule update --remote .cursorrules  # 更新
+```
+
+#### Windsurf
+```bash
+git submodule add https://github.com/zeromicro/ai-context.git .windsurfrules
+git submodule update --remote .windsurfrules  # 更新
+```
+
+#### Claude Desktop
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/zeromicro/mcp-zero.git && cd mcp-zero && go build
+# 配置: ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json
+# 或: claude mcp add --transport stdio mcp-zero --env GOCTL_PATH=/path/to/goctl -- /path/to/mcp-zero
+```
+
+### 协同工作原理
+
+AI 助手通过三个工具协同配合:
+1. **ai-context** - 工作流程指导
+2. **zero-skills** - 实现模式
+3. **mcp-zero** - 实时代码生成
+
+**示例**:创建新的 REST API → AI 读取 **ai-context** 了解工作流 → 调用 **mcp-zero** 生成代码 → 参考 **zero-skills** 实现模式 → 生成符合规范的代码 ✅
+
+## Quick Start
 
 0. 完整示例请查看
 
@@ -108,23 +136,22 @@ GO111MODULE=on GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn/,direct go get -u github.com/zeromicro
 
 1. 安装 goctl 工具
 
-    `goctl` 读作 `go control`，不要读成 `go C-T-L`。`goctl` 的意思是不要被代码控制，而是要去控制它。其中的 `go` 不是指 `golang`。在设计 `goctl` 之初，我就希望通过 `工具` 来解放我们的双手👈
 
     ```shell
     # Go
     GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn/,direct go install github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl@latest
-    
+
     # For Mac
     brew install goctl
-    
+
     # docker for all platforms
     docker pull kevinwan/goctl
     # run goctl
     docker run --rm -it -v `pwd`:/app kevinwan/goctl --help
     ```
-    
+
-    确保 goctl 可执行，并且在 $PATH 环境变量里。
+    确保 goctl 可执行并在 $PATH 环境变量里。
-    
+
 2. 快速生成 api 服务
 
     ```shell
@@ -157,7 +184,7 @@ GO111MODULE=on GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn/,direct go get -u github.com/zeromicro
       * 可以在 `servicecontext.go` 里面传递依赖给 logic，比如 mysql, redis 等
       * 在 api 定义的 `get/post/put/delete` 等请求对应的 logic 里增加业务处理逻辑
 
-3. 可以根据 api 文件生成前端需要的 Java, TypeScript, Dart, JavaScript 代码
+3. 生成多语言客户端代码
 
     ```shell
     goctl api java -api greet.api -dir greet
@@ -165,17 +192,17 @@ GO111MODULE=on GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn/,direct go get -u github.com/zeromicro
     ...
     ```
 
-## 7. Benchmark
+## Benchmark
 
 ![benchmark](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/benchmark.png)
 
 [测试代码见这里](https://github.com/smallnest/go-web-framework-benchmark)
 
-## 8. 文档
+## 文档
 
 * API 文档
 
-  [https://go-zero.dev/cn/](https://go-zero.dev/cn/)
+  [https://go-zero.dev](https://go-zero.dev)
 
 * awesome 系列（更多文章见『微服务实践』公众号）
 
@@ -192,9 +219,9 @@ GO111MODULE=on GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn/,direct go get -u github.com/zeromicro
   | [goctl-android](https://github.com/zeromicro/goctl-android) | 生成 `java (android)` 端 `http client` 请求代码 |
   | [goctl-go-compact](https://github.com/zeromicro/goctl-go-compact) | 合并 `api` 里同一个 `group` 里的 `handler` 到一个 `go` 文件 |
 
-## 9. go-zero 用户
+## go-zero 用户
 
-go-zero 已被许多公司用于生产部署，接入场景如在线教育、电商业务、游戏、区块链等，目前为止，已使用 go-zero 的公司包括但不限于：
+go-zero 已被众多公司用于生产部署，场景涵盖在线教育、电商、游戏、区块链等。目前使用 go-zero 的公司包括但不限于:
 
 >1. 好未来
 >2. 上海晓信信息科技有限公司（晓黑板）
@@ -304,10 +331,14 @@ go-zero 已被许多公司用于生产部署，接入场景如在线教育、电
 >106. 无锡盛算信息技术有限公司
 >107. 深圳市聚货通信息科技有限公司
 >108. 浙江银盾云科技有限公司
+>109. 南京造世网络科技有限公司
+>110. 温州飞儿云信息技术有限公司
+>111. 统信软件
+>112. 深圳坐标软件集团有限公司
 
 如果贵公司也已使用 go-zero，欢迎在 [登记地址](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues/602) 登记，仅仅为了推广，不做其它用途。
 
-## 10. CNCF 云原生技术全景图
+## CNCF 云原生技术全景图
 
 <p float="left">
 <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/cncf-logo.svg" width="200"/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
@@ -316,13 +347,13 @@ go-zero 已被许多公司用于生产部署，接入场景如在线教育、电
 
 go-zero 收录在 [CNCF Cloud Native 云原生技术全景图](https://landscape.cncf.io/?selected=go-zero)。
 
-## 11. 微信公众号
+## 微信公众号
 
 `go-zero` 相关文章和视频都会在 `微服务实践` 公众号整理呈现，欢迎扫码关注 👏
 
 <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/zeromicro.jpg" alt="wechat" width="600" />
 
-## 12. 微信交流群
+## 微信交流群
 
 如果文档中未能覆盖的任何疑问，欢迎您在群里提出，我们会尽快答复。
 
@@ -332,10 +363,4 @@ go-zero 收录在 [CNCF Cloud Native 云原生技术全景图](https://landscape
 
 加群之前有劳点一下 ***star***，一个小小的 ***star*** 是作者们回答海量问题的动力！🤝
 
-<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/wechat.jpg" alt="wechat" width="300" />
+<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/wechat.jpg" alt="wechat" width="300" />
-
-## 13. 知识星球
-
-官方团队运营的知识星球
-
-<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/zsxq.jpg" alt="知识星球" width="300" />

readme.md

@@ -42,61 +42,39 @@ go-zero contains simple API description syntax and code generation tool called `
 
 ## Backgrounds of go-zero
 
-In early 2018, we embarked on a transformative journey to redesign our system, transitioning from a monolithic architecture built with Java and MongoDB to a microservices architecture. After careful research and comparison, we made a deliberate choice to:
+In early 2018, we transitioned from a Java+MongoDB monolithic architecture to microservices, choosing:
 
-* Go Beyond with Golang
+* **Golang** - High performance, simple syntax, excellent deployment experience, and low resource consumption
-  * Great performance
+* **Self-designed microservice framework** - Better problem isolation, easier feature extension, and faster issue resolution
-  * Simple syntax
-  * Proven engineering efficiency
-  * Extreme deployment experience
-  * Less server resource consumption
-
-* Self-Design Our Microservice Architecture
-  * Microservice architecture facilitates the creation of scalable, flexible, and maintainable software systems with independent, reusable components.
-  * Easy to locate the problems within microservices.
-  * Easy to extend the features by adding or modifying specific microservices without impacting the entire system.
 
 ## Design considerations on go-zero
 
-By designing the microservice architecture, we expected to ensure stability, as well as productivity. And from just the beginning, we have the following design principles:
+go-zero follows these core design principles:
 
-* Keep it simple
+* **Simplicity** - Keep it simple, first principle
-* High availability
+* **High availability** - Stable under high concurrency
-* Stable on high concurrency
+* **Resilience** - Failure-oriented programming with adaptive protection
-* Easy to extend
+* **Developer friendly** - Encapsulate complexity, one way to do one thing
-* Resilience design, failure-oriented programming
+* **Easy to extend** - Flexible architecture for growth
-* Try best to be friendly to the business logic development, encapsulate the complexity
-* One thing, one way
-
-After almost half a year, we finished the transfer from a monolithic system to microservice system and deployed on August 2018. The new system guaranteed business growth and system stability.
 
 ## The implementation and features of go-zero
 
-go-zero is a web and rpc framework that integrates lots of engineering practices. The features are mainly listed below:
+go-zero integrates engineering best practices:
 
-* Powerful tool included, less code to write
+* **Code generation** - Powerful tools to minimize boilerplate
-* Simple interfaces
+* **Simple API** - Clean interfaces, fully compatible with net/http
-* Fully compatible with net/http
+* **High performance** - Optimized for speed and efficiency
-* Middlewares are supported, easy to extend
+* **Resilience** - Built-in circuit breaker, rate limiting, load shedding, timeout control
-* High performance
+* **Service mesh** - Service discovery, load balancing, call tracing
-* Failure-oriented programming, resilience design
+* **Developer tools** - Auto parameter validation, cache management, metrics and monitoring
-* Builtin service discovery, load balancing
-* Builtin concurrency control, adaptive circuit breaker, adaptive load shedding, auto-trigger, auto recover
-* Auto validation of API request parameters
-* Chained timeout control
-* Auto management of data caching
-* Call tracing, metrics, and monitoring
-* High concurrency protected
-
-As below, go-zero protects the system with a couple of layers and mechanisms:
 
 ![Resilience](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/resilience-en.png)
 
-##  The simplified architecture that we use with go-zero
+## Architecture with go-zero
 
 <img width="1067" alt="image" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1918356/171880372-5010d846-e8b1-4942-8fe2-e2bbb584f762.png">
 
-##  Installation
+## Installation
 
 Run the following command under your project:
 
@@ -104,9 +82,59 @@ Run the following command under your project:
 go get -u github.com/zeromicro/go-zero
 ```
 
-##  Quick Start
+## AI-Native Development
 
-1. Full examples can be checked out from below:
+The go-zero team provides AI tooling for Claude, GitHub Copilot, Cursor to generate framework-compliant code.
+
+### Three Core Projects
+
+**[ai-context](https://github.com/zeromicro/ai-context)** - Workflow guide for AI assistants
+
+**[zero-skills](https://github.com/zeromicro/zero-skills)** - Pattern library with examples
+
+**[mcp-zero](https://github.com/zeromicro/mcp-zero)** - Code generation tools via Model Context Protocol
+
+### Quick Setup
+
+#### GitHub Copilot
+```bash
+git submodule add https://github.com/zeromicro/ai-context.git .github/ai-context
+ln -s ai-context/00-instructions.md .github/copilot-instructions.md  # macOS/Linux
+# Windows: mklink .github\copilot-instructions.md .github\ai-context\00-instructions.md
+git submodule update --remote .github/ai-context  # Update
+```
+
+#### Cursor
+```bash
+git submodule add https://github.com/zeromicro/ai-context.git .cursorrules
+git submodule update --remote .cursorrules  # Update
+```
+
+#### Windsurf
+```bash
+git submodule add https://github.com/zeromicro/ai-context.git .windsurfrules
+git submodule update --remote .windsurfrules  # Update
+```
+
+#### Claude Desktop
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/zeromicro/mcp-zero.git && cd mcp-zero && go build
+# Configure: ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json
+# Or: claude mcp add --transport stdio mcp-zero --env GOCTL_PATH=/path/to/goctl -- /path/to/mcp-zero
+```
+
+### How It Works
+
+AI assistants use these tools together:
+1. **ai-context** - workflow guidance
+2. **zero-skills** - implementation patterns
+3. **mcp-zero** - real-time code generation
+
+**Example**: Creating a REST API → AI reads **ai-context** for workflow → calls **mcp-zero** to generate code → references **zero-skills** for patterns → produces production-ready code ✅
+
+## Quick Start
+
+1. Full examples:
 
      [Rapid development of microservice systems](https://github.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/blob/main/doc/shorturl-en.md)
 
@@ -114,24 +142,22 @@ go get -u github.com/zeromicro/go-zero
 
 2. Install goctl
 
-   `goctl`can be read as `go control`. `goctl` means not to be controlled by code, instead, we control it. The inside `go` is not `golang`. At the very beginning, I was expecting it to help us improve productivity, and make our lives easier.
-
    ```shell
    # for Go
    go install github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl@latest
-   
+
    # For Mac
    brew install goctl
-   
+
    # docker for all platforms
    docker pull kevinwan/goctl
    # run goctl
    docker run --rm -it -v `pwd`:/app kevinwan/goctl --help
    ```
-   
+
-   make sure goctl is executable and in your $PATH.
+   Ensure goctl is executable and in your $PATH.
-   
+
-3. Create the API file, like greet.api, you can install the plugin of goctl in vs code, api syntax is supported.
+3. Create the API file (greet.api):
 
    ```go
    type (
@@ -150,19 +176,19 @@ go get -u github.com/zeromicro/go-zero
    }
    ```
 
-   the .api files also can be generated by goctl, like below:
+   Generate .api template:
 
    ```shell
    goctl api -o greet.api
    ```
 
-4. Generate the go server-side code
+4. Generate Go server code
 
    ```shell
    goctl api go -api greet.api -dir greet
    ```
 
-   the generated files look like:
+   Generated structure:
 
    ```Plain Text
    ├── greet
@@ -184,7 +210,7 @@ go get -u github.com/zeromicro/go-zero
    └── greet.api                     // api description file
    ```
 
-   the generated code can be run directly:
+   Run the service:
 
    ```shell
    cd greet
@@ -192,15 +218,15 @@ go get -u github.com/zeromicro/go-zero
    go run greet.go -f etc/greet-api.yaml
    ```
 
-   by default, it’s listening on port 8888, while it can be changed in the configuration file.
+   Default port: 8888 (configurable in etc/greet-api.yaml)
 
-   you can check it by curl:
+   Test with curl:
 
    ```shell
    curl -i http://localhost:8888/greet/from/you
    ```
 
-   the response looks like below:
+   Response:
 
    ```http
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
@@ -208,12 +234,12 @@ go get -u github.com/zeromicro/go-zero
    Content-Length: 0
    ```
 
-5. Write the business logic code
+5. Write business logic
 
-    * the dependencies can be passed into the logic within servicecontext.go, like mysql, redis, etc.
+    * Pass dependencies (mysql, redis, etc.) via servicecontext.go
-    * add the logic code in a logic package according to .api file
+    * Add logic code in the logic package per .api definition
 
-6. Generate code like Java, TypeScript, Dart, JavaScript, etc. just from the api file
+6. Generate client code for multiple languages
 
    ```shell
    goctl api java -api greet.api -dir greet
@@ -234,11 +260,11 @@ go get -u github.com/zeromicro/go-zero
 * [Rapid development of microservice systems - multiple RPCs](https://github.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/blob/main/docs/zero/bookstore-en.md)
 * [Examples](https://github.com/zeromicro/zero-examples)
 
-##  Chat group
+## Chat group
 
 Join the chat via https://discord.gg/4JQvC5A4Fe
 
-##  Cloud Native Landscape
+## Cloud Native Landscape
 
 <p float="left">
 <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zeromicro/zero-doc/main/doc/images/cncf-logo.svg" width="200"/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

rest/engine.go

@@ -389,7 +389,9 @@ func buildSSERoutes(routes []Route) []Route {
 			// because SSE requires the connection to be kept alive indefinitely.
 			rc := http.NewResponseController(w)
 			if err := rc.SetWriteDeadline(time.Time{}); err != nil {
-				logc.Errorf(r.Context(), "set conn write deadline failed: %v", err)
+				// Some ResponseWriter implementations (like timeoutWriter) don't support SetWriteDeadline.
+				// This is expected behavior and doesn't affect SSE functionality.
+				logc.Debugf(r.Context(), "unable to clear write deadline for SSE connection: %v", err)
 			}
 
 			w.Header().Set(header.ContentType, header.ContentTypeEventStream)

rest/handler/loghandler.go

@@ -24,12 +24,16 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	limitBodyBytes         = 1024
+	limitBodyBytes          = 1024
-	limitDetailedBodyBytes = 4096
+	limitDetailedBodyBytes  = 4096
-	defaultSlowThreshold   = time.Millisecond * 500
+	defaultSlowThreshold    = time.Millisecond * 500
+	defaultSSESlowThreshold = time.Minute * 3
 )
 
-var slowThreshold = syncx.ForAtomicDuration(defaultSlowThreshold)
+var (
+	slowThreshold    = syncx.ForAtomicDuration(defaultSlowThreshold)
+	sseSlowThreshold = syncx.ForAtomicDuration(defaultSSESlowThreshold)
+)
 
 // LogHandler returns a middleware that logs http request and response.
 func LogHandler(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
@@ -109,6 +113,11 @@ func SetSlowThreshold(threshold time.Duration) {
 	slowThreshold.Set(threshold)
 }
 
+// SetSSESlowThreshold sets the slow threshold for SSE requests.
+func SetSSESlowThreshold(threshold time.Duration) {
+	sseSlowThreshold.Set(threshold)
+}
+
 func dumpRequest(r *http.Request) string {
 	reqContent, err := httputil.DumpRequest(r, true)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -118,6 +127,14 @@ func dumpRequest(r *http.Request) string {
 	return string(reqContent)
 }
 
+func getSlowThreshold(r *http.Request) time.Duration {
+	if r.Header.Get(headerAccept) == valueSSE {
+		return sseSlowThreshold.Load()
+	} else {
+		return slowThreshold.Load()
+	}
+}
+
 func isOkResponse(code int) bool {
 	// not server error
 	return code < http.StatusInternalServerError
@@ -129,7 +146,8 @@ func logBrief(r *http.Request, code int, timer *utils.ElapsedTimer, logs *intern
 	logger := logx.WithContext(r.Context()).WithDuration(duration)
 	buf.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("[HTTP] %s - %s %s - %s - %s",
 		wrapStatusCode(code), wrapMethod(r.Method), r.RequestURI, httpx.GetRemoteAddr(r), r.UserAgent()))
-	if duration > slowThreshold.Load() {
+
+	if duration > getSlowThreshold(r) {
 		logger.Slowf("[HTTP] %s - %s %s - %s - %s - slowcall(%s)",
 			wrapStatusCode(code), wrapMethod(r.Method), r.RequestURI, httpx.GetRemoteAddr(r), r.UserAgent(),
 			timex.ReprOfDuration(duration))
@@ -160,7 +178,8 @@ func logDetails(r *http.Request, response *detailLoggedResponseWriter, timer *ut
 	logger := logx.WithContext(r.Context())
 	buf.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("[HTTP] %s - %d - %s - %s\n=> %s\n",
 		r.Method, code, r.RemoteAddr, timex.ReprOfDuration(duration), dumpRequest(r)))
-	if duration > slowThreshold.Load() {
+
+	if duration > getSlowThreshold(r) {
 		logger.Slowf("[HTTP] %s - %d - %s - slowcall(%s)\n=> %s\n", r.Method, code, r.RemoteAddr,
 			timex.ReprOfDuration(duration), dumpRequest(r))
 	}

rest/handler/loghandler_test.go

@@ -88,6 +88,96 @@ func TestLogHandlerSlow(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestLogHandlerSSE(t *testing.T) {
+	handlers := []func(handler http.Handler) http.Handler{
+		LogHandler,
+		DetailedLogHandler,
+	}
+
+	for _, logHandler := range handlers {
+		t.Run("SSE request with normal duration", func(t *testing.T) {
+			req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://localhost", http.NoBody)
+			req.Header.Set(headerAccept, valueSSE)
+
+			handler := logHandler(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+				time.Sleep(defaultSlowThreshold + time.Second)
+				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+			}))
+
+			resp := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			handler.ServeHTTP(resp, req)
+			assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, resp.Code)
+		})
+
+		t.Run("SSE request exceeding SSE threshold", func(t *testing.T) {
+			originalThreshold := sseSlowThreshold.Load()
+			SetSSESlowThreshold(time.Millisecond * 100)
+			defer SetSSESlowThreshold(originalThreshold)
+
+			req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://localhost", http.NoBody)
+			req.Header.Set(headerAccept, valueSSE)
+
+			handler := logHandler(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+				time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 150)
+				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+			}))
+
+			resp := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			handler.ServeHTTP(resp, req)
+			assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, resp.Code)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLogHandlerThresholdSelection(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		acceptHeader  string
+		expectedIsSSE bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:          "Regular HTTP request",
+			acceptHeader:  "text/html",
+			expectedIsSSE: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "SSE request",
+			acceptHeader:  valueSSE,
+			expectedIsSSE: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "No Accept header",
+			acceptHeader:  "",
+			expectedIsSSE: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://localhost", http.NoBody)
+			if tt.acceptHeader != "" {
+				req.Header.Set(headerAccept, tt.acceptHeader)
+			}
+
+			SetSlowThreshold(time.Millisecond * 100)
+			SetSSESlowThreshold(time.Millisecond * 200)
+			defer func() {
+				SetSlowThreshold(defaultSlowThreshold)
+				SetSSESlowThreshold(defaultSSESlowThreshold)
+			}()
+
+			handler := LogHandler(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+				time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 150)
+				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+			}))
+
+			resp := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			handler.ServeHTTP(resp, req)
+			assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, resp.Code)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDetailedLogHandler_LargeBody(t *testing.T) {
 	lbuf := logtest.NewCollector(t)
 
@@ -139,6 +229,12 @@ func TestSetSlowThreshold(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Second, slowThreshold.Load())
 }
 
+func TestSetSSESlowThreshold(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, defaultSSESlowThreshold, sseSlowThreshold.Load())
+	SetSSESlowThreshold(time.Minute * 10)
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Minute*10, sseSlowThreshold.Load())
+}
+
 func TestWrapMethodWithColor(t *testing.T) {
 	// no tty
 	assert.Equal(t, http.MethodGet, wrapMethod(http.MethodGet))

rest/handler/tracehandler.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 type (
-	// TraceOption defines the method to customize an traceOptions.
+	// TraceOption defines the method to customize a traceOptions.
 	TraceOption func(options *traceOptions)
 
 	// traceOptions is TraceHandler options.

rest/router/patrouter.go

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const (
 var (
 	// ErrInvalidMethod is an error that indicates not a valid http method.
 	ErrInvalidMethod = errors.New("not a valid http method")
-	// ErrInvalidPath is an error that indicates path is not start with /.
+	// ErrInvalidPath is an error that indicates path does not start with /.
 	ErrInvalidPath = errors.New("path must begin with '/'")
 )
 

rest/server_test.go

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Port: 0
 			Path:    "/",
 			Handler: nil,
 		}, WithJwt("thesecret"), WithSignature(SignatureConf{}),
-			WithJwtTransition("preivous", "thenewone"))
+			WithJwtTransition("previous", "thenewone"))
 
 		func() {
 			defer func() {

tools/goctl/api/cmd.go

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ func init() {
 	newCmdFlags.StringVar(&new.VarStringHome, "home")
 	newCmdFlags.StringVar(&new.VarStringRemote, "remote")
 	newCmdFlags.StringVar(&new.VarStringBranch, "branch")
+	newCmdFlags.StringVar(&new.VarStringModule, "module")
 	newCmdFlags.StringVarWithDefaultValue(&new.VarStringStyle, "style", config.DefaultFormat)
 
 	pluginCmdFlags.StringVarP(&plugin.VarStringPlugin, "plugin", "p")

tools/goctl/api/dartgen/vars.go

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import '../vars/vars.dart';
 /// Send GET request.
 ///
 /// ok: the function that will be called on success.
-/// fail：the fuction that will be called on failure.
+/// fail：the function that will be called on failure.
 /// eventually：the function that will be called regardless of success or failure.
 Future apiGet(String path,
     {Map<String, String> header,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Future apiGet(String path,
 ///
 /// data: the data to post, it will be marshaled to json automatically.
 /// ok: the function that will be called on success.
-/// fail：the fuction that will be called on failure.
+/// fail：the function that will be called on failure.
 /// eventually：the function that will be called regardless of success or failure.
 Future apiPost(String path, dynamic data,
     {Map<String, String> header,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Future _apiRequest(String method, String path, dynamic data,
 	/// data: any request class that will be converted to json automatically
 	/// ok: is called when request succeeds
 	/// fail: is called when request fails
-	/// eventually: is always called until the nearby functions returns
+	/// eventually: is always called after the nearby function returns
 	Future apiPost(String path, dynamic data,
 			{Map<String, String>? header,
 			Function(Map<String, dynamic>)? ok,
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Future _apiRequest(String method, String path, dynamic data,
 	///
 	/// ok: is called when request succeeds
 	/// fail: is called when request fails
-	/// eventually: is always called until the nearby functions returns
+	/// eventually: is always called after the nearby function returns
 	Future apiGet(String path,
 			{Map<String, String>? header,
 			Function(Map<String, dynamic>)? ok,

tools/goctl/api/docgen/gen.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func DocCommand(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
 	}
 
 	if !pathx.FileExists(dir) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("dir %s not exsit", dir)
+		return fmt.Errorf("dir %s not exist", dir)
 	}
 
 	dir, err := filepath.Abs(dir)

tools/goctl/api/gogen/config.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package config
 
 import {{.authImport}}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/gen.go

@@ -75,6 +75,11 @@ func GoCommand(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
 
 // DoGenProject gen go project files with api file
 func DoGenProject(apiFile, dir, style string, withTest bool) error {
+	return DoGenProjectWithModule(apiFile, dir, "", style, withTest)
+}
+
+// DoGenProjectWithModule gen go project files with api file using custom module name
+func DoGenProjectWithModule(apiFile, dir, moduleName, style string, withTest bool) error {
 	api, err := parser.Parse(apiFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -90,23 +95,31 @@ func DoGenProject(apiFile, dir, style string, withTest bool) error {
 	}
 
 	logx.Must(pathx.MkdirIfNotExist(dir))
-	rootPkg, err := golang.GetParentPackage(dir)
+
+	var rootPkg, projectPkg string
+	if len(moduleName) > 0 {
+		rootPkg, projectPkg, err = golang.GetParentPackageWithModule(dir, moduleName)
+	} else {
+		rootPkg, projectPkg, err = golang.GetParentPackage(dir)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	logx.Must(genEtc(dir, cfg, api))
-	logx.Must(genConfig(dir, cfg, api))
+	logx.Must(genConfig(dir, projectPkg, cfg, api))
-	logx.Must(genMain(dir, rootPkg, cfg, api))
+	logx.Must(genMain(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
-	logx.Must(genServiceContext(dir, rootPkg, cfg, api))
+	logx.Must(genServiceContext(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
 	logx.Must(genTypes(dir, cfg, api))
-	logx.Must(genRoutes(dir, rootPkg, cfg, api))
+	logx.Must(genRoutes(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
-	logx.Must(genHandlers(dir, rootPkg, cfg, api))
+	logx.Must(genHandlers(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
-	logx.Must(genLogic(dir, rootPkg, cfg, api))
+	logx.Must(genLogic(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
 	logx.Must(genMiddleware(dir, cfg, api))
 	if withTest {
-		logx.Must(genHandlersTest(dir, rootPkg, cfg, api))
+		logx.Must(genHandlersTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
-		logx.Must(genLogicTest(dir, rootPkg, cfg, api))
+		logx.Must(genLogicTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
+		logx.Must(genServiceContextTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
+		logx.Must(genIntegrationTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, api))
 	}
 
 	if err := backupAndSweep(apiFile); err != nil {

tools/goctl/api/gogen/gencomment_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+package gogen
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
+)
+
+// TestGenerationComments verifies that all generated files have appropriate generation comments
+func TestGenerationComments(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary directory for our test
+	tempDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "goctl_test_")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tempDir)
+
+	// Create a simple API spec for testing
+	apiContent := `
+syntax = "v1"
+
+type HelloRequest {
+	Name string ` + "`json:\"name\"`" + `
+}
+
+type HelloResponse {
+	Message string ` + "`json:\"message\"`" + `
+}
+
+service hello-api {
+	@handler helloHandler
+	post /hello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloResponse)
+}`
+
+	// Write the API spec to a temporary file
+	apiFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, "test.api")
+	err = os.WriteFile(apiFile, []byte(apiContent), 0644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Parse and generate the API files using the correct function signature
+	err = DoGenProject(apiFile, tempDir, "gozero", false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Define expected files and their comment types
+	expectedFiles := map[string]string{
+		// Files that should have "DO NOT EDIT" comments (regenerated files)
+		"internal/types/types.go": "DO NOT EDIT",
+
+		// Files that should have "Safe to edit" comments (scaffolded files)
+		"internal/handler/hellohandler.go": "Safe to edit",
+		"internal/config/config.go":        "Safe to edit",
+		"hello.go":                         "Safe to edit", // main file
+		"internal/svc/servicecontext.go":   "Safe to edit",
+		"internal/logic/hellologic.go":     "Safe to edit",
+	}
+
+	// Check each file for the correct generation comment
+	for filePath, expectedCommentType := range expectedFiles {
+		fullPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, filePath)
+
+		// Skip if file doesn't exist (some files might not be generated in all cases)
+		if _, err := os.Stat(fullPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			t.Logf("File %s does not exist, skipping", filePath)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		content, err := os.ReadFile(fullPath)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to read file: %s", filePath)
+
+		contentStr := string(content)
+		lines := strings.Split(contentStr, "\n")
+
+		// Check that the file starts with proper generation comments
+		require.GreaterOrEqual(t, len(lines), 2, "File %s should have at least 2 lines", filePath)
+
+		if expectedCommentType == "DO NOT EDIT" {
+			assert.Contains(t, lines[0], "// Code generated by goctl. DO NOT EDIT.",
+				"File %s should have 'DO NOT EDIT' comment as first line", filePath)
+		} else if expectedCommentType == "Safe to edit" {
+			assert.Contains(t, lines[0], "// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.",
+				"File %s should have 'Safe to edit' comment as first line", filePath)
+		}
+
+		// Check that the second line contains the version
+		assert.Contains(t, lines[1], "// goctl",
+			"File %s should have version comment as second line", filePath)
+		assert.Contains(t, lines[1], version.BuildVersion,
+			"File %s should contain version %s in second line", filePath, version.BuildVersion)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRoutesGenerationComment verifies routes files have "DO NOT EDIT" comment
+func TestRoutesGenerationComment(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary directory for our test
+	tempDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "goctl_routes_test_")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tempDir)
+
+	// Create an API spec with multiple handlers to ensure routes file is generated
+	apiContent := `
+syntax = "v1"
+
+type HelloRequest {
+	Name string ` + "`json:\"name\"`" + `
+}
+
+type HelloResponse {
+	Message string ` + "`json:\"message\"`" + `
+}
+
+service hello-api {
+	@handler helloHandler
+	post /hello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloResponse)
+
+	@handler worldHandler
+	get /world returns (HelloResponse)
+}`
+
+	// Write the API spec to a temporary file
+	apiFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, "test.api")
+	err = os.WriteFile(apiFile, []byte(apiContent), 0644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Generate the API files using the correct function signature
+	err = DoGenProject(apiFile, tempDir, "gozero", false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Check the routes file specifically
+	routesFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, "internal/handler/routes.go")
+	if _, err := os.Stat(routesFile); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		t.Skip("Routes file not generated, skipping test")
+		return
+	}
+
+	content, err := os.ReadFile(routesFile)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to read routes.go")
+
+	contentStr := string(content)
+	lines := strings.Split(contentStr, "\n")
+
+	// Check that routes.go has "DO NOT EDIT" comment
+	require.GreaterOrEqual(t, len(lines), 2, "Routes file should have at least 2 lines")
+	assert.Contains(t, lines[0], "// Code generated by goctl. DO NOT EDIT.",
+		"Routes file should have 'DO NOT EDIT' comment")
+	assert.Contains(t, lines[1], "// goctl",
+		"Routes file should have version comment")
+	assert.Contains(t, lines[1], version.BuildVersion,
+		"Routes file should contain version %s", version.BuildVersion)
+}
+
+// TestVersionInTemplateData verifies that version is correctly passed to templates
+func TestVersionInTemplateData(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that BuildVersion is available
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, version.BuildVersion, "BuildVersion should not be empty")
+}
+
+// TestCommentsFollowGoStandards verifies our comments follow Go community standards
+func TestCommentsFollowGoStandards(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test the format of our generation comments
+	doNotEditComment := "// Code generated by goctl. DO NOT EDIT."
+	safeToEditComment := "// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit."
+
+	// Both should be valid Go comments
+	assert.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(doNotEditComment, "//"),
+		"DO NOT EDIT comment should start with //")
+	assert.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(safeToEditComment, "//"),
+		"Safe to edit comment should start with //")
+
+	// Should contain key information
+	assert.Contains(t, doNotEditComment, "goctl",
+		"DO NOT EDIT comment should mention goctl")
+	assert.Contains(t, safeToEditComment, "goctl",
+		"Safe to edit comment should mention goctl")
+	assert.Contains(t, doNotEditComment, "DO NOT EDIT",
+		"Should clearly state DO NOT EDIT")
+	assert.Contains(t, safeToEditComment, "Safe to edit",
+		"Should clearly state Safe to edit")
+}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genconfig.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/vars"
 )
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ const (
 //go:embed config.tpl
 var configTemplate string
 
-func genConfig(dir string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+func genConfig(dir, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 	filename, err := format.FileNamingFormat(cfg.NamingFormat, configFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -60,6 +61,8 @@ func genConfig(dir string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 			"authImport": authImportStr,
 			"auth":       strings.Join(auths, "\n"),
 			"jwtTrans":   strings.Join(jwtTransList, "\n"),
+			"projectPkg": projectPkg,
+			"version":    version.BuildVersion,
 		},
 	})
 }

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genhandlers.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/pathx"
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ var (
 	sseHandlerTemplate string
 )
 
-func genHandler(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route spec.Route) error {
+func genHandler(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route spec.Route) error {
 	handler := getHandlerName(route)
 	handlerPath := getHandlerFolderPath(group, route)
 	pkgName := handlerPath[strings.LastIndex(handlerPath, "/")+1:]
@@ -37,9 +38,11 @@ func genHandler(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route
 	}
 
 	var builtinTemplate = handlerTemplate
+	var templateFile = handlerTemplateFile
 	sse := group.GetAnnotation("sse")
 	if sse == "true" {
 		builtinTemplate = sseHandlerTemplate
+		templateFile = sseHandlerTemplateFile
 	}
 
 	return genFile(fileGenConfig{
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ func genHandler(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route
 		filename:        filename + ".go",
 		templateName:    "handlerTemplate",
 		category:        category,
-		templateFile:    handlerTemplateFile,
+		templateFile:    templateFile,
 		builtinTemplate: builtinTemplate,
 		data: map[string]any{
 			"PkgName":        pkgName,
@@ -63,14 +66,16 @@ func genHandler(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route
 			"HasRequest":     len(route.RequestTypeName()) > 0,
 			"HasDoc":         len(route.JoinedDoc()) > 0,
 			"Doc":            getDoc(route.JoinedDoc()),
+			"projectPkg":     projectPkg,
+			"version":        version.BuildVersion,
 		},
 	})
 }
 
-func genHandlers(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+func genHandlers(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 	for _, group := range api.Service.Groups {
 		for _, route := range group.Routes {
-			if err := genHandler(dir, rootPkg, cfg, group, route); err != nil {
+			if err := genHandler(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, group, route); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genhandlerstest.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/pathx"
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 //go:embed handler_test.tpl
 var handlerTestTemplate string
 
-func genHandlerTest(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route spec.Route) error {
+func genHandlerTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route spec.Route) error {
 	handler := getHandlerName(route)
 	handlerPath := getHandlerFolderPath(group, route)
 	pkgName := handlerPath[strings.LastIndex(handlerPath, "/")+1:]
@@ -50,14 +51,16 @@ func genHandlerTest(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, r
 			"HasRequest":     len(route.RequestTypeName()) > 0,
 			"HasDoc":         len(route.JoinedDoc()) > 0,
 			"Doc":            getDoc(route.JoinedDoc()),
+			"projectPkg":     projectPkg,
+			"version":        version.BuildVersion,
 		},
 	})
 }
 
-func genHandlersTest(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+func genHandlersTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 	for _, group := range api.Service.Groups {
 		for _, route := range group.Routes {
-			if err := genHandlerTest(dir, rootPkg, cfg, group, route); err != nil {
+			if err := genHandlerTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, group, route); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genintegrationtest.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package gogen
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
+)
+
+//go:embed integration_test.tpl
+var integrationTestTemplate string
+
+func genIntegrationTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+	serviceName := api.Service.Name
+	if len(serviceName) == 0 {
+		serviceName = "server"
+	}
+
+	filename, err := format.FileNamingFormat(cfg.NamingFormat, serviceName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return genFile(fileGenConfig{
+		dir:             dir,
+		subdir:          "",
+		filename:        filename + "_test.go",
+		templateName:    "integrationTestTemplate",
+		category:        category,
+		templateFile:    integrationTestTemplateFile,
+		builtinTemplate: integrationTestTemplate,
+		data: map[string]any{
+			"projectPkg":  projectPkg,
+			"serviceName": serviceName,
+			"version":     version.BuildVersion,
+			"hasRoutes":   len(api.Service.Routes()) > 0,
+			"routes":      api.Service.Routes(),
+		},
+	})
+}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genlogic.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/parser/g4/gen/api"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/pathx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/vars"
@@ -23,10 +24,10 @@ var (
 	sseLogicTemplate string
 )
 
-func genLogic(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+func genLogic(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 	for _, g := range api.Service.Groups {
 		for _, r := range g.Routes {
-			err := genLogicByRoute(dir, rootPkg, cfg, g, r)
+			err := genLogicByRoute(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, g, r)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ func genLogic(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error
 	return nil
 }
 
-func genLogicByRoute(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route spec.Route) error {
+func genLogicByRoute(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route spec.Route) error {
 	logic := getLogicName(route)
 	goFile, err := format.FileNamingFormat(cfg.NamingFormat, logic)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -60,9 +61,11 @@ func genLogicByRoute(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group,
 
 	subDir := getLogicFolderPath(group, route)
 	builtinTemplate := logicTemplate
+	templateFile := logicTemplateFile
 	sse := group.GetAnnotation("sse")
 	if sse == "true" {
 		builtinTemplate = sseLogicTemplate
+		templateFile = sseLogicTemplateFile
 		responseString = "error"
 		returnString = "return nil"
 		resp := responseGoTypeName(route, typesPacket)
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ func genLogicByRoute(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group,
 		filename:        goFile + ".go",
 		templateName:    "logicTemplate",
 		category:        category,
-		templateFile:    logicTemplateFile,
+		templateFile:    templateFile,
 		builtinTemplate: builtinTemplate,
 		data: map[string]any{
 			"pkgName":      subDir[strings.LastIndex(subDir, "/")+1:],
@@ -91,6 +94,8 @@ func genLogicByRoute(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group,
 			"request":      requestString,
 			"hasDoc":       len(route.JoinedDoc()) > 0,
 			"doc":          getDoc(route.JoinedDoc()),
+			"projectPkg":   projectPkg,
+			"version":      version.BuildVersion,
 		},
 	})
 }

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genlogictest.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/pathx"
 )
@@ -14,10 +15,10 @@ import (
 //go:embed logic_test.tpl
 var logicTestTemplate string
 
-func genLogicTest(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+func genLogicTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 	for _, g := range api.Service.Groups {
 		for _, r := range g.Routes {
-			err := genLogicTestByRoute(dir, rootPkg, cfg, g, r)
+			err := genLogicTestByRoute(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg, cfg, g, r)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ func genLogicTest(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) er
 	return nil
 }
 
-func genLogicTestByRoute(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route spec.Route) error {
+func genLogicTestByRoute(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Group, route spec.Route) error {
 	logic := getLogicName(route)
 	goFile, err := format.FileNamingFormat(cfg.NamingFormat, logic)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -73,6 +74,8 @@ func genLogicTestByRoute(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, group spec.Gro
 			"requestType":  requestType,
 			"hasDoc":       len(route.JoinedDoc()) > 0,
 			"doc":          getDoc(route.JoinedDoc()),
+			"projectPkg":   projectPkg,
+			"version":      version.BuildVersion,
 		},
 	})
 }

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genmain.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/pathx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/vars"
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 //go:embed main.tpl
 var mainTemplate string
 
-func genMain(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+func genMain(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 	name := strings.ToLower(api.Service.Name)
 	filename, err := format.FileNamingFormat(cfg.NamingFormat, name)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -38,6 +39,8 @@ func genMain(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 		data: map[string]string{
 			"importPackages": genMainImports(rootPkg),
 			"serviceName":    configName,
+			"projectPkg":     projectPkg,
+			"version":        version.BuildVersion,
 		},
 	})
 }

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genmiddleware.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
 )
 
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ func genMiddleware(dir string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 			templateFile:    middlewareImplementCodeFile,
 			builtinTemplate: middlewareImplementCode,
 			data: map[string]string{
-				"name": strings.Title(name),
+				"name":    strings.Title(name),
+				"version": version.BuildVersion,
 			},
 		})
 		if err != nil {

tools/goctl/api/gogen/genroutes.go

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ type (
 	}
 )
 
-func genRoutes(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+func genRoutes(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 	var builder strings.Builder
 	groups, err := getRoutes(api)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ rest.WithPrefix("%s"),`, g.prefix)
 			"importPackages":  genRouteImports(rootPkg, api),
 			"routesAdditions": strings.TrimSpace(builder.String()),
 			"version":         version.BuildVersion,
+			"projectPkg":      projectPkg,
 		},
 	})
 }

tools/goctl/api/gogen/gensse_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package gogen
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestSSEGeneration(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary directory for test
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Create a test API file with SSE annotation
+	apiContent := `syntax = "v1"
+
+type SseReq {
+    Message string ` + "`json:\"message\"`" + `
+}
+
+type SseResp {
+    Data string ` + "`json:\"data\"`" + `
+}
+
+@server (
+    sse: true
+)
+service Test {
+    @handler Sse
+    get /sse (SseReq) returns (SseResp)
+}
+`
+	apiFile := filepath.Join(dir, "test.api")
+	err := os.WriteFile(apiFile, []byte(apiContent), 0644)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Generate code
+	err = DoGenProject(apiFile, dir, "gozero", false)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Read generated handler file
+	handlerPath := filepath.Join(dir, "internal/handler/ssehandler.go")
+	handlerContent, err := os.ReadFile(handlerPath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Read generated logic file
+	logicPath := filepath.Join(dir, "internal/logic/sselogic.go")
+	logicContent, err := os.ReadFile(logicPath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	handlerStr := string(handlerContent)
+	logicStr := string(logicContent)
+
+	// Verify SSE-specific patterns in handler
+	// Handler should call: err := l.Sse(&req, client)
+	assert.Contains(t, handlerStr, "err := l.Sse(&req, client)",
+		"Handler should call logic with client channel parameter")
+
+	// Handler should NOT have the regular pattern: resp, err := l.Sse(&req)
+	assert.NotContains(t, handlerStr, "resp, err := l.Sse(&req)",
+		"Handler should not use regular pattern with resp return")
+
+	// Handler should use threading.GoSafeCtx
+	assert.Contains(t, handlerStr, "threading.GoSafeCtx",
+		"Handler should use threading.GoSafeCtx for SSE")
+
+	// Handler should create client channel
+	assert.Contains(t, handlerStr, "client := make(chan",
+		"Handler should create client channel")
+
+	// Verify SSE-specific patterns in logic
+	// Logic should have signature: Sse(req *types.SseReq, client chan<- *types.SseResp) error
+	assert.Contains(t, logicStr, "func (l *SseLogic) Sse(req *types.SseReq, client chan<- *types.SseResp) error",
+		"Logic should have SSE signature with client channel parameter")
+
+	// Logic should NOT have regular signature: Sse(req *types.SseReq) (resp *types.SseResp, err error)
+	assert.NotContains(t, logicStr, "(resp *types.SseResp, err error)",
+		"Logic should not have regular signature with resp return")
+}
+
+func TestNonSSEGeneration(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary directory for test
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Create a test API file WITHOUT SSE annotation
+	apiContent := `syntax = "v1"
+
+type SseReq {
+    Message string ` + "`json:\"message\"`" + `
+}
+
+type SseResp {
+    Data string ` + "`json:\"data\"`" + `
+}
+
+service Test {
+    @handler Sse
+    get /sse (SseReq) returns (SseResp)
+}
+`
+	apiFile := filepath.Join(dir, "test.api")
+	err := os.WriteFile(apiFile, []byte(apiContent), 0644)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Generate code
+	err = DoGenProject(apiFile, dir, "gozero", false)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Read generated handler file
+	handlerPath := filepath.Join(dir, "internal/handler/ssehandler.go")
+	handlerContent, err := os.ReadFile(handlerPath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Read generated logic file
+	logicPath := filepath.Join(dir, "internal/logic/sselogic.go")
+	logicContent, err := os.ReadFile(logicPath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	handlerStr := string(handlerContent)
+	logicStr := string(logicContent)
+
+	// Verify regular (non-SSE) patterns in handler
+	// Handler should call: resp, err := l.Sse(&req)
+	assert.Contains(t, handlerStr, "resp, err := l.Sse(&req)",
+		"Handler should use regular pattern with resp return")
+
+	// Handler should NOT have SSE pattern: err := l.Sse(&req, client)
+	assert.NotContains(t, handlerStr, "err := l.Sse(&req, client)",
+		"Handler should not use SSE pattern")
+
+	// Handler should NOT use threading.GoSafeCtx
+	assert.NotContains(t, handlerStr, "threading.GoSafeCtx",
+		"Handler should not use threading.GoSafeCtx for regular routes")
+
+	// Verify regular (non-SSE) patterns in logic
+	// Logic should have signature: Sse(req *types.SseReq) (resp *types.SseResp, err error)
+	assert.Contains(t, logicStr, "(resp *types.SseResp, err error)",
+		"Logic should have regular signature with resp return")
+
+	// Logic should NOT have SSE signature with client parameter
+	linesToCheck := strings.Split(logicStr, "\n")
+	hasSSESignature := false
+	for _, line := range linesToCheck {
+		if strings.Contains(line, "func (l *SseLogic) Sse") && strings.Contains(line, "client chan<-") {
+			hasSSESignature = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	assert.False(t, hasSSESignature,
+		"Logic should not have SSE signature with client channel parameter")
+}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/gensvc.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/pathx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/vars"
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ const contextFilename = "service_context"
 //go:embed svc.tpl
 var contextTemplate string
 
-func genServiceContext(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+func genServiceContext(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
 	filename, err := format.FileNamingFormat(cfg.NamingFormat, contextFilename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -53,6 +54,8 @@ func genServiceContext(dir, rootPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpe
 			"config":               "config.Config",
 			"middleware":           middlewareStr,
 			"middlewareAssignment": middlewareAssignment,
+			"projectPkg":           projectPkg,
+			"version":              version.BuildVersion,
 		},
 	})
 }

tools/goctl/api/gogen/gensvctest.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package gogen
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/spec"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/internal/version"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/util/format"
+)
+
+//go:embed svc_test.tpl
+var svcTestTemplate string
+
+func genServiceContextTest(dir, rootPkg, projectPkg string, cfg *config.Config, api *spec.ApiSpec) error {
+	filename, err := format.FileNamingFormat(cfg.NamingFormat, contextFilename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return genFile(fileGenConfig{
+		dir:             dir,
+		subdir:          contextDir,
+		filename:        filename + "_test.go",
+		templateName:    "svcTestTemplate",
+		category:        category,
+		templateFile:    svcTestTemplateFile,
+		builtinTemplate: svcTestTemplate,
+		data: map[string]any{
+			"projectPkg": projectPkg,
+			"version":    version.BuildVersion,
+		},
+	})
+}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/handler.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package {{.PkgName}}
 
 import (

tools/goctl/api/gogen/handler_test.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package {{.PkgName}}
 
 import (

tools/goctl/api/gogen/integration_test.tpl

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"{{.projectPkg}}/internal/config"
+	"{{.projectPkg}}/internal/handler"
+	"{{.projectPkg}}/internal/svc"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/rest"
+)
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	// TODO: Add setup/teardown logic here if needed
+	m.Run()
+}
+
+func TestServerIntegration(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create test server
+	c := config.Config{
+		RestConf: rest.RestConf{
+			Host: "127.0.0.1",
+			Port: 0, // Use random available port
+		},
+	}
+
+	server := rest.MustNewServer(c.RestConf)
+	defer server.Stop()
+
+	ctx := svc.NewServiceContext(c)
+	handler.RegisterHandlers(server, ctx)
+
+	// Create serverless wrapper for testing
+	serverless, err := rest.NewServerless(server)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		method         string
+		path           string
+		body           string
+		expectedStatus int
+		setup          func()
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "health check",
+			method:         http.MethodGet,
+			path:           "/health",
+			expectedStatus: http.StatusNotFound, // Adjust based on actual routes
+			setup:          func() {},
+		},
+		{{if .hasRoutes}}{{range .routes}}{
+			name:           "{{.Method}} {{.Path}}",
+			method:         "{{.Method}}",
+			path:           "{{.Path}}",
+			expectedStatus: http.StatusOK, // TODO: Adjust expected status
+			setup:          func() {
+				// TODO: Add setup logic for this endpoint
+			},
+		},
+		{{end}}{{end}}{
+			name:           "not found route",
+			method:         http.MethodGet,
+			path:           "/nonexistent",
+			expectedStatus: http.StatusNotFound,
+			setup:          func() {},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tt.setup()
+
+			req, err := http.NewRequest(tt.method, tt.path, nil)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			serverless.Serve(rr, req)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedStatus, rr.Code)
+
+			// TODO: Add response body assertions
+			t.Logf("Response: %s", rr.Body.String())
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServerLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
+	c := config.Config{
+		RestConf: rest.RestConf{
+			Host: "127.0.0.1",
+			Port: 0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	server := rest.MustNewServer(c.RestConf)
+
+	// Test server can start and stop without errors
+	ctx := svc.NewServiceContext(c)
+	handler.RegisterHandlers(server, ctx)
+
+	// In a real integration test, you might start the server in a goroutine
+	// and test actual HTTP requests, but for scaffolding we keep it simple
+	server.Stop()
+
+	// TODO: Add more lifecycle tests as needed
+	assert.True(t, true, "Server lifecycle test passed")
+}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/jwt.api

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+type Request {
+	Name string `path:"name,options=you|me"`
+}
+
+type Response {
+	Message string `json:"message"`
+}
+
+@server(
+	jwt: Auth
+	jwtTransition: Trans
+	middleware: TokenValidate
+)
+service A-api {
+	@handler GreetHandler
+	get /greet/from/:name(Request) returns (Response)
+}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/logic.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package {{.pkgName}}
 
 import (

tools/goctl/api/gogen/logic_test.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package {{.pkgName}}
 
 import (

tools/goctl/api/gogen/main.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package main
 
 import (

tools/goctl/api/gogen/middleware.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package middleware
 
 import "net/http"

tools/goctl/api/gogen/sse_handler.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package {{.PkgName}}
 
 import (
@@ -27,11 +30,10 @@ func {{.HandlerName}}(svcCtx *svc.ServiceContext) http.HandlerFunc {
         // w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
         // w.Header().Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
 		client := make(chan {{.ResponseType}}, 16)
-        defer func() {
+
-            close(client)
-        }()
         l := {{.LogicName}}.New{{.LogicType}}(r.Context(), svcCtx)
         threading.GoSafeCtx(r.Context(), func() {
+            defer close(client)
             err := l.{{.Call}}({{if .HasRequest}}&req, {{end}}client)
             if err != nil {
                 logc.Errorw(r.Context(), "{{.HandlerName}}", logc.Field("error", err))
@@ -41,7 +43,10 @@ func {{.HandlerName}}(svcCtx *svc.ServiceContext) http.HandlerFunc {
 
         for {
             select {
-            case data := <-client:
+            case data, ok := <-client:
+                if !ok {
+                    return
+                }
                 output, err := json.Marshal(data)
                 if err != nil {
                     logc.Errorw(r.Context(), "{{.HandlerName}}", logc.Field("error", err))

tools/goctl/api/gogen/sse_logic.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package {{.pkgName}}
 
 import (

tools/goctl/api/gogen/svc.tpl

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
 package svc
 
 import (

tools/goctl/api/gogen/svc_test.tpl

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Code scaffolded by goctl. Safe to edit.
+// goctl {{.version}}
+
+package svc
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"{{.projectPkg}}/internal/config"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestNewServiceContext(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		config config.Config
+		setup  func() config.Config
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "default config",
+			setup: func() config.Config {
+				return config.Config{}
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config", 
+			setup: func() config.Config {
+				return config.Config{
+					// TODO: Add valid config values here
+				}
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			c := tt.setup()
+			svcCtx := NewServiceContext(c)
+
+			// Basic assertions
+			require.NotNil(t, svcCtx)
+			assert.Equal(t, c, svcCtx.Config)
+
+			// TODO: Add additional assertions for middleware and dependencies
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceContext_Initialization(t *testing.T) {
+	c := config.Config{}
+	svcCtx := NewServiceContext(c)
+
+	// Verify service context is properly initialized
+	assert.NotNil(t, svcCtx)
+	assert.Equal(t, c, svcCtx.Config)
+
+	// TODO: Add tests for middleware initialization if any
+	// TODO: Add tests for external dependencies if any
+}

tools/goctl/api/gogen/template.go

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ const (
 	routesTemplateFile          = "routes.tpl"
 	routesAdditionTemplateFile  = "route-addition.tpl"
 	typesTemplateFile           = "types.tpl"
+	svcTestTemplateFile         = "svc_test.tpl"
+	integrationTestTemplateFile = "integration_test.tpl"
 )
 
 var templates = map[string]string{
@@ -39,6 +41,8 @@ var templates = map[string]string{
 	routesTemplateFile:          routesTemplate,
 	routesAdditionTemplateFile:  routesAdditionTemplate,
 	typesTemplateFile:           typesTemplate,
+	svcTestTemplateFile:         svcTestTemplate,
+	integrationTestTemplateFile: integrationTestTemplate,
 }
 
 // Category returns the category of the api files.

tools/goctl/api/new/newservice.go

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ var (
 	VarStringBranch string
 	// VarStringStyle describes the style of output files.
 	VarStringStyle string
+	// VarStringModule describes the module name for go.mod.
+	VarStringModule string
 )
 
 // CreateServiceCommand fast create service
@@ -83,6 +85,6 @@ func CreateServiceCommand(_ *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	err = gogen.DoGenProject(apiFilePath, abs, VarStringStyle, false)
+	err = gogen.DoGenProjectWithModule(apiFilePath, abs, VarStringModule, VarStringStyle, false)
 	return err
 }

tools/goctl/api/new/newservice_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package new
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/api/gogen"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/tools/goctl/config"
+)
+
+func TestDoGenProjectWithModule_Integration(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		moduleName  string
+		serviceName string
+		expectedMod string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "with custom module",
+			moduleName:  "github.com/test/customapi",
+			serviceName: "myservice",
+			expectedMod: "github.com/test/customapi",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "with empty module",
+			moduleName:  "",
+			serviceName: "myservice",
+			expectedMod: "myservice",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "with simple module",
+			moduleName:  "simpleapi",
+			serviceName: "testapi",
+			expectedMod: "simpleapi",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Create temporary directory
+			tempDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "goctl-api-module-test-*")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			defer os.RemoveAll(tempDir)
+
+			// Create service directory
+			serviceDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, tt.serviceName)
+			err = os.MkdirAll(serviceDir, 0755)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Create a simple API file for testing
+			apiContent := `syntax = "v1"
+
+type Request {
+  Name string ` + "`" + `path:"name,options=you|me"` + "`" + `
+}
+
+type Response {
+  Message string ` + "`" + `json:"message"` + "`" + `
+}
+
+service ` + tt.serviceName + `-api {
+  @handler ` + tt.serviceName + `Handler
+  get /from/:name(Request) returns (Response)
+}
+`
+			apiFile := filepath.Join(serviceDir, tt.serviceName+".api")
+			err = os.WriteFile(apiFile, []byte(apiContent), 0644)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Call the module-aware service creation function
+			err = gogen.DoGenProjectWithModule(apiFile, serviceDir, tt.moduleName, config.DefaultFormat, false)
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Check go.mod file
+			goModPath := filepath.Join(serviceDir, "go.mod")
+			assert.FileExists(t, goModPath)
+
+			// Verify module name in go.mod
+			content, err := os.ReadFile(goModPath)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Contains(t, string(content), "module "+tt.expectedMod)
+
+			// Check basic directory structure was created
+			assert.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(serviceDir, "etc"))
+			assert.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(serviceDir, "internal"))
+			assert.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(serviceDir, "internal", "handler"))
+			assert.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(serviceDir, "internal", "logic"))
+			assert.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(serviceDir, "internal", "svc"))
+			assert.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(serviceDir, "internal", "types"))
+			assert.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(serviceDir, "internal", "config"))
+
+			// Check that main.go imports use correct module
+			mainGoPath := filepath.Join(serviceDir, tt.serviceName+".go")
+			if _, err := os.Stat(mainGoPath); err == nil {
+				mainContent, err := os.ReadFile(mainGoPath)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				// Check for import of internal packages with correct module path
+				assert.Contains(t, string(mainContent), `"`+tt.expectedMod+"/internal/")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateServiceCommand_Integration(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		moduleName  string
+		serviceName string
+		expectedMod string
+		shouldError bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "valid service with custom module",
+			moduleName:  "github.com/example/testapi",
+			serviceName: "myapi",
+			expectedMod: "github.com/example/testapi",
+			shouldError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "valid service with no module",
+			moduleName:  "",
+			serviceName: "simpleapi",
+			expectedMod: "simpleapi",
+			shouldError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "invalid service name with hyphens",
+			moduleName:  "github.com/test/api",
+			serviceName: "my-api",
+			expectedMod: "",
+			shouldError: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if tt.shouldError && tt.serviceName == "my-api" {
+				// Test that service names with hyphens are rejected
+				// This is tested in the actual command function, not the generate function
+				assert.Contains(t, tt.serviceName, "-")
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Create temporary directory
+			tempDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "goctl-create-service-test-*")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			defer os.RemoveAll(tempDir)
+
+			// Change to temp directory
+			oldDir, _ := os.Getwd()
+			defer os.Chdir(oldDir)
+			os.Chdir(tempDir)
+
+			// Set the module variable as the command would
+			VarStringModule = tt.moduleName
+			VarStringStyle = config.DefaultFormat
+
+			// Create the service directory manually since we're testing the core functionality
+			serviceDir := filepath.Join(tempDir, tt.serviceName)
+
+			// Simulate what CreateServiceCommand does - create API file and call DoGenProjectWithModule
+			err = os.MkdirAll(serviceDir, 0755)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Create API file
+			apiContent := `syntax = "v1"
+
+type Request {
+  Name string ` + "`" + `path:"name,options=you|me"` + "`" + `
+}
+
+type Response {
+  Message string ` + "`" + `json:"message"` + "`" + `
+}
+
+service ` + tt.serviceName + `-api {
+  @handler ` + tt.serviceName + `Handler
+  get /from/:name(Request) returns (Response)
+}
+`
+			apiFile := filepath.Join(serviceDir, tt.serviceName+".api")
+			err = os.WriteFile(apiFile, []byte(apiContent), 0644)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Call DoGenProjectWithModule as CreateServiceCommand does
+			err = gogen.DoGenProjectWithModule(apiFile, serviceDir, VarStringModule, VarStringStyle, false)
+
+			if tt.shouldError {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+				// Verify go.mod
+				goModPath := filepath.Join(serviceDir, "go.mod")
+				assert.FileExists(t, goModPath)
+				content, err := os.ReadFile(goModPath)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Contains(t, string(content), "module "+tt.expectedMod)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

tools/goctl/api/parser/g4/ast/apiparser.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ type (
 		syntax                   *SyntaxExpr
 	}
 
-	// ParserOption defines an function with argument Parser
+	// ParserOption defines a function with argument Parser
 	ParserOption func(p *Parser)
 )
 

tools/goctl/api/parser/g4/ast/service.go

@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ func (v *ApiVisitor) VisitReplybody(ctx *api.ReplybodyContext) any {
 				v.panic(lit.Expr(), fmt.Sprintf("expecting 'ID', but found golang keyword '%s'", lit.Expr().Text()))
 			}
 		default:
-			v.panic(dt.Expr(), fmt.Sprintf("unsupport %s", dt.Expr().Text()))
+			v.panic(dt.Expr(), fmt.Sprintf("unsupported %s", dt.Expr().Text()))
 		}
 	case *Literal:
 		lit := dataType.Literal.Text()
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func (v *ApiVisitor) VisitReplybody(ctx *api.ReplybodyContext) any {
 			v.panic(dataType.Literal, fmt.Sprintf("expecting 'ID', but found golang keyword '%s'", lit))
 		}
 	default:
-		v.panic(dt.Expr(), fmt.Sprintf("unsupport %s", dt.Expr().Text()))
+		v.panic(dt.Expr(), fmt.Sprintf("unsupported %s", dt.Expr().Text()))
 	}
 
 	return &Body{

tools/goctl/api/parser/g4/ast/type.go

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func (v *ApiVisitor) VisitTypeBlockStruct(ctx *api.TypeBlockStructContext) any {
 		structExpr := v.newExprWithToken(ctx.GetStructToken())
 		structTokenText := ctx.GetStructToken().GetText()
 		if structTokenText != "struct" {
-			v.panic(structExpr, fmt.Sprintf("expecting 'struct', found imput '%s'", structTokenText))
+			v.panic(structExpr, fmt.Sprintf("expecting 'struct', found input '%s'", structTokenText))
 		}
 
 		if api.IsGolangKeyWord(structTokenText, "struct") {

tools/goctl/api/parser/parser.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type parser struct {
 }
 
 // Parse parses the api file.
-// Depreacted: use tools/goctl/pkg/parser/api/parser/parser.go:18 instead,
+// Deprecated: use tools/goctl/pkg/parser/api/parser/parser.go:18 instead,
 // it will be removed in the future.
 func Parse(filename string) (*spec.ApiSpec, error) {
 	if env.UseExperimental() {
@@ -63,14 +63,14 @@ func parseContent(content string, skipCheckTypeDeclaration bool, filename ...str
 	return apiSpec, nil
 }
 
-// Depreacted: use tools/goctl/pkg/parser/api/parser/parser.go:18 instead,
+// Deprecated: use tools/goctl/pkg/parser/api/parser/parser.go:18 instead,
 // it will be removed in the future.
 // ParseContent parses the api content
 func ParseContent(content string, filename ...string) (*spec.ApiSpec, error) {
 	return parseContent(content, false, filename...)
 }
 
-// Depreacted: use tools/goctl/pkg/parser/api/parser/parser.go:18 instead,
+// Deprecated: use tools/goctl/pkg/parser/api/parser/parser.go:18 instead,
 // it will be removed in the future.
 // ParseContentWithParserSkipCheckTypeDeclaration parses the api content with skip check type declaration
 func ParseContentWithParserSkipCheckTypeDeclaration(content string, filename ...string) (*spec.ApiSpec, error) {
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ func (p parser) astTypeToSpec(in ast.DataType) spec.Type {
 		return spec.PointerType{RawName: v.PointerExpr.Text(), Type: spec.DefineStruct{RawName: raw}}
 	}
 
-	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unspported type %+v", in))
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported type %+v", in))
 }
 
 func (p parser) stringExprs(docs []ast.Expr) []string {

tools/goctl/api/swagger/annotation.go

@@ -8,68 +8,71 @@ import (
 )
 
 func getBoolFromKVOrDefault(properties map[string]string, key string, def bool) bool {
-	if len(properties) == 0 {
+	return getOrDefault(properties, key, def, func(str string, def bool) bool {
-		return def
+		res, err := strconv.ParseBool(str)
-	}
+		if err != nil {
-	md := metadata.New(properties)
+			return def
-	val := md.Get(key)
+		}
-	if len(val) == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	str := util.Unquote(val[0])
-	if len(str) == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	res, _ := strconv.ParseBool(str)
-	return res
-}
 
-func getStringFromKVOrDefault(properties map[string]string, key string, def string) string {
+		return res
-	if len(properties) == 0 {
+	})
-		return def
-	}
-	md := metadata.New(properties)
-	val := md.Get(key)
-	if len(val) == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	str := util.Unquote(val[0])
-	if len(str) == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	return str
-}
-
-func getListFromInfoOrDefault(properties map[string]string, key string, def []string) []string {
-	if len(properties) == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	md := metadata.New(properties)
-	val := md.Get(key)
-	if len(val) == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-
-	str := util.Unquote(val[0])
-	if len(str) == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	resp := util.FieldsAndTrimSpace(str, commaRune)
-	if len(resp) == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	return resp
 }
 
 func getFirstUsableString(def ...string) string {
 	if len(def) == 0 {
 		return ""
 	}
+
 	for _, val := range def {
-		str := util.Unquote(val)
+		// Try to unquote if it's a quoted string
-		if len(str) != 0 {
+		if str, err := strconv.Unquote(val); err == nil && len(str) != 0 {
 			return str
 		}
+
+		// Otherwise, use the value as-is if it's not empty
+		if len(val) != 0 {
+			return val
+		}
 	}
+
 	return ""
 }
+
+func getListFromInfoOrDefault(properties map[string]string, key string, def []string) []string {
+	return getOrDefault(properties, key, def, func(str string, def []string) []string {
+		resp := util.FieldsAndTrimSpace(str, commaRune)
+		if len(resp) == 0 {
+			return def
+		}
+		return resp
+	})
+}
+
+// getOrDefault abstracts the common logic for fetching, unquoting, and defaulting.
+func getOrDefault[T any](properties map[string]string, key string, def T, convert func(string, T) T) T {
+	if len(properties) == 0 {
+		return def
+	}
+
+	md := metadata.New(properties)
+	val := md.Get(key)
+	if len(val) == 0 {
+		return def
+	}
+
+	str := val[0]
+	if unquoted, err := strconv.Unquote(str); err == nil {
+		str = unquoted
+	}
+	if len(str) == 0 {
+		return def
+	}
+
+	return convert(str, def)
+}
+
+func getStringFromKVOrDefault(properties map[string]string, key string, def string) string {
+	return getOrDefault(properties, key, def, func(str string, def string) string {
+		return str
+	})
+}

tools/goctl/api/swagger/annotation_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,19 @@ func Test_getBoolFromKVOrDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, getBoolFromKVOrDefault(properties, "empty_value", false))
 	assert.False(t, getBoolFromKVOrDefault(nil, "nil", false))
 	assert.False(t, getBoolFromKVOrDefault(map[string]string{}, "empty", false))
+
+	// Test with unquoted values (as stored by RawText())
+	unquotedProperties := map[string]string{
+		"enabled":     "true",
+		"disabled":    "false",
+		"invalid":     "notabool",
+		"empty_value": "",
+	}
+
+	assert.True(t, getBoolFromKVOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "enabled", false))
+	assert.False(t, getBoolFromKVOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "disabled", true))
+	assert.False(t, getBoolFromKVOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "invalid", false))
+	assert.False(t, getBoolFromKVOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "empty_value", false))
 }
 
 func Test_getStringFromKVOrDefault(t *testing.T) {
@@ -34,6 +47,17 @@ func Test_getStringFromKVOrDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "default", getStringFromKVOrDefault(properties, "missing", "default"))
 	assert.Equal(t, "default", getStringFromKVOrDefault(nil, "nil", "default"))
 	assert.Equal(t, "default", getStringFromKVOrDefault(map[string]string{}, "empty", "default"))
+
+	// Test with unquoted values (as stored by RawText())
+	unquotedProperties := map[string]string{
+		"name":  "example",
+		"title": "Demo API",
+		"empty": "",
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "example", getStringFromKVOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "name", "default"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "Demo API", getStringFromKVOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "title", "default"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "default", getStringFromKVOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "empty", "default"))
 }
 
 func Test_getListFromInfoOrDefault(t *testing.T) {
@@ -50,4 +74,123 @@ func Test_getListFromInfoOrDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"default"}, getListFromInfoOrDefault(map[string]string{
 		"foo": ",,",
 	}, "foo", []string{"default"}))
+
+	// Test with unquoted values (as stored by RawText())
+	unquotedProperties := map[string]string{
+		"list":    "a, b, c",
+		"schemes": "http,https",
+		"tags":    "query",
+		"empty":   "",
+	}
+
+	// Note: FieldsAndTrimSpace doesn't actually trim the spaces from returned values
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"a", " b", " c"}, getListFromInfoOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "list", []string{"default"}))
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"http", "https"}, getListFromInfoOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "schemes", []string{"default"}))
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"query"}, getListFromInfoOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "tags", []string{"default"}))
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"default"}, getListFromInfoOrDefault(unquotedProperties, "empty", []string{"default"}))
 }
+
+func Test_getFirstUsableString(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("empty input", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString()
+		assert.Equal(t, "", result, "should return empty string for no arguments")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("single plain string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("Check server health status.")
+		assert.Equal(t, "Check server health status.", result)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("single quoted string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// This is how Go would represent a quoted string literal
+		result := getFirstUsableString(`"Check server health status."`)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Check server health status.", result, "should unquote quoted strings")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("multiple plain strings", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("", "second", "third")
+		assert.Equal(t, "second", result, "should return first non-empty string")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("handler name fallback", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Simulates the real use case: @doc text, handler name
+		result := getFirstUsableString("", "HealthCheck")
+		assert.Equal(t, "HealthCheck", result, "should fallback to handler name")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doc text over handler name", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Simulates the real use case with @doc text
+		result := getFirstUsableString("Check server health status.", "HealthCheck")
+		assert.Equal(t, "Check server health status.", result, "should use doc text over handler name")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty strings before valid", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("", "", "valid")
+		assert.Equal(t, "valid", result, "should skip empty strings")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("all empty strings", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("", "", "")
+		assert.Equal(t, "", result, "should return empty if all are empty")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("quoted then plain", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString(`"quoted"`, "plain")
+		assert.Equal(t, "quoted", result, "should unquote first quoted string")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("plain then quoted", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("plain", `"quoted"`)
+		assert.Equal(t, "plain", result, "should use first plain string")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid quoted string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// String that looks quoted but isn't valid Go syntax
+		result := getFirstUsableString(`"incomplete`, "fallback")
+		assert.Equal(t, `"incomplete`, result, "should use as-is if unquote fails but not empty")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("whitespace only", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("   ", "fallback")
+		assert.Equal(t, "   ", result, "should not trim whitespace, return as-is")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("real world API doc scenario", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// This is the actual bug scenario from issue #5229
+		atDocText := "Check server health status."
+		handlerName := "HealthCheck"
+		
+		result := getFirstUsableString(atDocText, handlerName)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Check server health status.", result, 
+			"should use @doc text for API summary")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("real world with empty doc", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// When @doc is empty, should fall back to handler name
+		atDocText := ""
+		handlerName := "HealthCheck"
+		
+		result := getFirstUsableString(atDocText, handlerName)
+		assert.Equal(t, "HealthCheck", result, 
+			"should fallback to handler name when @doc is empty")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("complex summary with special characters", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("Get user by ID: /users/{id}")
+		assert.Equal(t, "Get user by ID: /users/{id}", result, 
+			"should handle special characters in plain strings")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("multiline string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("Line 1\nLine 2")
+		assert.Equal(t, "Line 1\nLine 2", result, 
+			"should handle multiline strings")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unicode characters", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := getFirstUsableString("健康检查", "HealthCheck")
+		assert.Equal(t, "健康检查", result, 
+			"should handle unicode characters")
+	})
+}
+