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280 lines
8.2 KiB
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280 lines
8.2 KiB
Plaintext
---
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title: 样式
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description: 使用 Tailwind 类进行条件化和可组合的样式。
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---
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现代组件库需要灵活的样式系统,能够在不牺牲开发者体验的情况下处理复杂需求。将 Tailwind CSS 与智能类合并相结合,已成为构建可定制组件的强大模式。
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这种方法解决了提供合理默认值与允许完全自定义之间的根本矛盾 —— 这是多年来困扰组件库的挑战。
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## 传统样式的问题
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传统的 CSS 方法常常导致特异性竞赛、样式冲突和不可预测的覆盖。当你向已经具有 `bg-red-500` 的组件传入 `className="bg-blue-500"` 时,哪个会生效?
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如果不正确处理,两者都会生效,结果取决于许多因素 —— CSS 源顺序、类的特异性、打包器的类合并算法等等。
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## 智能合并类
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`tailwind-merge` 库通过理解 Tailwind 的类结构并智能地解决冲突来解决这个问题。当两个类针对相同的 CSS 属性时,它只保留最后一个。
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```tsx title="Without tailwind-merge"
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// Both bg-red-500 and bg-blue-500 apply - unpredictable result
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<Button className="bg-blue-500" />
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// Renders: className="bg-red-500 bg-blue-500"
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```
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```tsx title="With tailwind-merge"
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import { twMerge } from 'tailwind-merge';
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// bg-blue-500 wins as it comes last
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const className = twMerge('bg-red-500', 'bg-blue-500');
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// Returns: "bg-blue-500"
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```
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这适用于所有 Tailwind 工具类:
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```tsx
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twMerge('px-4 py-2', 'px-8'); // Returns: "py-2 px-8"
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twMerge('text-sm', 'text-lg'); // Returns: "text-lg"
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twMerge('hover:bg-red-500', 'hover:bg-blue-500'); // Returns: "hover:bg-blue-500"
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```
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该库也理解 Tailwind 的修饰符系统:
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```tsx
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// Modifiers are handled correctly
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twMerge('hover:bg-red-500 focus:bg-red-500', 'hover:bg-blue-500');
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// Returns: "focus:bg-red-500 hover:bg-blue-500"
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```
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## 条件类
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经常需要根据 props 或状态有条件地应用类。`clsx` 库提供了一个简洁的 API 来实现这一点:
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```tsx title="Using clsx"
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import clsx from 'clsx';
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// Basic conditionals
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clsx('base', isActive && 'active');
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// Returns: "base active" (if isActive is true)
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// Object syntax
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clsx('base', {
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'active': isActive,
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'disabled': isDisabled,
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});
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// Arrays
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clsx(['base', isLarge ? 'text-lg' : 'text-sm']);
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// Mixed
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clsx(
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'base',
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['array-item'],
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{ 'object-conditional': true },
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isActive && 'conditional'
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);
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```
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一个常见的模式是将一组默认类与传入的 props 和我们任何自定义逻辑合并:
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```tsx title="component.tsx"
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const Component = ({ className, ...props }: ComponentProps) => {
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const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false);
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return (
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<div
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className={cn(
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"rounded-lg border bg-white shadow-sm",
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isOpen && "bg-blue-500",
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className
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)}
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{...props}
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/>
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);
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};
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```
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## `cn` 工具函数
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由 shadcn/ui 推广的 `cn` 函数结合了 `clsx` 和 `tailwind-merge`,既提供了条件逻辑也提供了智能合并功能:
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```tsx title="lib/utils.ts"
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import { type ClassValue, clsx } from 'clsx';
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import { twMerge } from 'tailwind-merge';
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export function cn(...inputs: ClassValue[]) {
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return twMerge(clsx(inputs));
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}
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```
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其强大之处在于顺序 —— 基础样式优先,条件样式其次,用户覆盖最后。这确保了可预测的行为,同时保持完全的自定义能力。
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## Class Variance Authority (CVA)
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对于具有许多变体的复杂组件,手动管理条件类会变得难以维护。[Class Variance Authority (CVA)](https://cva.style/docs) 提供了一个声明式 API 来定义组件变体。
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例如,下面是 shadcn/ui 中 [Button](https://ui.shadcn.com/docs/components/button) 组件的一个摘录:
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```tsx title="@/components/ui/button.tsx"
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const buttonVariants = cva(
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"inline-flex items-center justify-center gap-2 whitespace-nowrap rounded-md text-sm font-medium transition-all disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 [&_svg]:shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] aria-invalid:ring-destructive/20 dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 aria-invalid:border-destructive",
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{
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variants: {
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variant: {
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default: "bg-primary text-primary-foreground hover:bg-primary/90",
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destructive:
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"bg-destructive text-white hover:bg-destructive/90 focus-visible:ring-destructive/20 dark:focus-visible:ring-destructive/40 dark:bg-destructive/60",
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outline:
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"border bg-background shadow-xs hover:bg-accent hover:text-accent-foreground dark:bg-input/30 dark:border-input dark:hover:bg-input/50",
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secondary:
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"bg-secondary text-secondary-foreground hover:bg-secondary/80",
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ghost:
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"hover:bg-accent hover:text-accent-foreground dark:hover:bg-accent/50",
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link: "text-primary underline-offset-4 hover:underline",
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},
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size: {
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default: "h-9 px-4 py-2 has-[>svg]:px-3",
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sm: "h-8 rounded-md gap-1.5 px-3 has-[>svg]:px-2.5",
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lg: "h-10 rounded-md px-6 has-[>svg]:px-4",
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icon: "size-9",
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},
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},
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defaultVariants: {
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variant: "default",
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size: "default",
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},
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}
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)
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```
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## 最佳实践
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### 1. 顺序很重要
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始终按以下顺序应用类:
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1. 基础样式(始终应用)
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2. 变体样式(基于 props)
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3. 条件样式(基于状态)
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4. 用户覆盖(className prop)
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```tsx
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className={cn(
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'base-styles', // 1. Base
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variant && variantStyles, // 2. Variants
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isActive && 'active', // 3. Conditionals
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className // 4. User overrides
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)}
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```
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### 2. 为你的变体编写文档
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使用 TypeScript 和 JSDoc 来记录每个变体的作用:
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```tsx
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type ButtonProps = {
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/**
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* The visual style of the button
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* @default "primary"
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*/
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variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary' | 'destructive' | 'ghost';
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/**
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* The size of the button
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* @default "md"
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*/
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size?: 'sm' | 'md' | 'lg';
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};
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```
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### 3. 提取重复模式
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如果你发现自己反复编写相同的条件逻辑,就将其抽取出来:
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```tsx title="utils/styles.ts"
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export const focusRing = 'focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-blue-500';
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export const disabled = 'disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50';
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// Use in components
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className={cn(focusRing, disabled, className)}
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```
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## 迁移指南
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如果你正在从不同的样式方法迁移,下面是如何调整常见模式:
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### 从 CSS Modules
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```tsx title="Before - CSS Modules"
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import styles from './Button.module.css';
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<button className={`${styles.button} ${styles[variant]} ${className}`} />
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```
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```tsx title="After - cn + Tailwind"
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import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
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<button className={cn(
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'px-4 py-2 rounded-lg',
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variant === 'primary' && 'bg-blue-500 text-white',
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className
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)} />
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```
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### 从 styled-components
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```tsx title="Before - styled-components"
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const Button = styled.button<{ $primary?: boolean }>`
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padding: 8px 16px;
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background: ${props => props.$primary ? 'blue' : 'gray'};
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`;
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```
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```tsx title="After - cn + Tailwind"
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function Button({ primary, className, ...props }) {
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return (
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<button
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className={cn(
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'px-4 py-2',
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primary ? 'bg-blue-500' : 'bg-gray-500',
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className
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)}
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{...props}
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/>
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);
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}
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```
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## 性能注意事项
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尽管 `clsx` 和 `tailwind-merge` 都经过高度优化,但请记住以下建议:
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1. **在组件外部定义变体** - CVA 变体应在组件外部定义,以避免在每次渲染时重新创建。
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2. **对复杂计算进行记忆化** - 如果你有开销较大的条件逻辑,考虑使用记忆化:
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```tsx
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const className = useMemo(
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() => cn(
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baseStyles,
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expensiveComputation(props),
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className
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),
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[props, className]
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);
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```
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3. **对于动态值使用 CSS 变量** - 不要动态生成类名,改用 CSS 变量:
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```tsx title="Prefer CSS variables"
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// Good
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<div
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className="bg-[var(--color)]"
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style={{ '--color': dynamicColor } as React.CSSProperties}
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/>
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// Avoid
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<div className={`bg-[${dynamicColor}]`} />
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```
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将 Tailwind CSS、智能类合并和变体 API 结合使用,为组件样式提供了坚实的基础。这种方法可从简单按钮扩展到复杂的设计系统,同时保持可预测性和良好的开发者体验。 |