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---
name: api-dev
description: "搭建、测试、记录和调试REST和GraphQL API。当用户需要创建API端点、编写集成测试、生成OpenAPI规范、使用curl测试、模拟API或排查HTTP问题时使用。"
metadata: {"clawdbot":{"emoji":"🔌","requires":{"anyBins":["curl","node","python3"]},"os":["linux","darwin","win32"]}}
---
# API Development
Build, test, document, and debug HTTP APIs from the command line. Covers the full API lifecycle: scaffolding endpoints, testing with curl, generating OpenAPI docs, mocking services, and debugging.
## When to Use
- Scaffolding new REST or GraphQL endpoints
- Testing APIs with curl or scripts
- Generating or validating OpenAPI/Swagger specs
- Mocking external APIs for development
- Debugging HTTP request/response issues
- Load testing endpoints
## Testing APIs with curl
### GET requests
```bash
# Basic GET
curl -s https://api.example.com/users | jq .
# With headers
curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
https://api.example.com/users | jq .
# With query params
curl -s "https://api.example.com/users?page=2&limit=10" | jq .
# Show response headers too
curl -si https://api.example.com/users
```
### POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE
```bash
# POST JSON
curl -s -X POST https://api.example.com/users \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-d '{"name": "Alice", "email": "alice@example.com"}' | jq .
# PUT (full replace)
curl -s -X PUT https://api.example.com/users/123 \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"name": "Alice Updated", "email": "alice@example.com"}' | jq .
# PATCH (partial update)
curl -s -X PATCH https://api.example.com/users/123 \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"name": "Alice V2"}' | jq .
# DELETE
curl -s -X DELETE https://api.example.com/users/123
# POST form data
curl -s -X POST https://api.example.com/upload \
-F "file=@document.pdf" \
-F "description=My document"
```
### Debug requests
```bash
# Verbose output (see full request/response)
curl -v https://api.example.com/health 2>&1
# Show only response headers
curl -sI https://api.example.com/health
# Show timing breakdown
curl -s -o /dev/null -w "DNS: %{time_namelookup}s\nConnect: %{time_connect}s\nTLS: %{time_appconnect}s\nFirst byte: %{time_starttransfer}s\nTotal: %{time_total}s\n" https://api.example.com/health
# Follow redirects
curl -sL https://api.example.com/old-endpoint
# Save response to file
curl -s -o response.json https://api.example.com/data
```
## API Test Scripts
### Bash test runner
```bash
#!/bin/bash
# api-test.sh - Simple API test runner
BASE_URL="${1:-http://localhost:3000}"
PASS=0
FAIL=0
assert_status() {
local method="$1" url="$2" expected="$3" body="$4"
local args=(-s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" -X "$method")
if [ -n "$body" ]; then
args+=(-H "Content-Type: application/json" -d "$body")
fi
local status
status=$(curl "${args[@]}" "$BASE_URL$url")
if [ "$status" = "$expected" ]; then
echo "PASS: $method $url -> $status"
((PASS++))
else
echo "FAIL: $method $url -> $status (expected $expected)"
((FAIL++))
fi
}
assert_json() {
local url="$1" jq_expr="$2" expected="$3"
local actual
actual=$(curl -s "$BASE_URL$url" | jq -r "$jq_expr")
if [ "$actual" = "$expected" ]; then
echo "PASS: GET $url | jq '$jq_expr' = $expected"
((PASS++))
else
echo "FAIL: GET $url | jq '$jq_expr' = $actual (expected $expected)"
((FAIL++))
fi
}
# Health check
assert_status GET /health 200
# CRUD tests
assert_status POST /api/users 201 '{"name":"Test","email":"test@test.com"}'
assert_status GET /api/users 200
assert_json /api/users '.[-1].name' 'Test'
assert_status DELETE /api/users/1 204
# Auth tests
assert_status GET /api/admin 401
assert_status GET /api/admin 403 # with wrong role
echo ""
echo "Results: $PASS passed, $FAIL failed"
[ "$FAIL" -eq 0 ] && exit 0 || exit 1
```
### Python test runner
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""api_test.py - API integration test suite."""
import json, sys, urllib.request, urllib.error
BASE = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else "http://localhost:3000"
PASS = FAIL = 0
def request(method, path, body=None, headers=None):
"""Make an HTTP request, return (status, body_dict, headers)."""
url = f"{BASE}{path}"
data = json.dumps(body).encode() if body else None
hdrs = {"Content-Type": "application/json", "Accept": "application/json"}
if headers:
hdrs.update(headers)
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data, headers=hdrs, method=method)
try:
resp = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
body = json.loads(resp.read().decode()) if resp.read() else None
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
return e.code, None, dict(e.headers)
return resp.status, body, dict(resp.headers)
def test(name, fn):
"""Run a test function, track pass/fail."""
global PASS, FAIL
try:
fn()
print(f" PASS: {name}")
PASS += 1
except AssertionError as e:
print(f" FAIL: {name} - {e}")
FAIL += 1
def assert_eq(actual, expected, msg=""):
assert actual == expected, f"got {actual}, expected {expected}. {msg}"
# --- Tests ---
print(f"Testing {BASE}\n")
test("GET /health returns 200", lambda: (
assert_eq(request("GET", "/health")[0], 200)
))
test("POST /api/users creates user", lambda: (
assert_eq(request("POST", "/api/users", {"name": "Test", "email": "t@t.com"})[0], 201)
))
test("GET /api/users returns array", lambda: (
assert_eq(type(request("GET", "/api/users")[1]), list)
))
test("GET /api/notfound returns 404", lambda: (
assert_eq(request("GET", "/api/notfound")[0], 404)
))
print(f"\nResults: {PASS} passed, {FAIL} failed")
sys.exit(0 if FAIL == 0 else 1)
```
## OpenAPI Spec Generation
### Generate from existing endpoints
```bash
# Scaffold an OpenAPI 3.0 spec from curl responses
# Run this, then fill in the details
cat > openapi.yaml << 'EOF'
openapi: "3.0.3"
info:
title: My API
version: "1.0.0"
description: API description here
servers:
- url: http://localhost:3000
description: Local development
paths:
/health:
get:
summary: Health check
responses:
"200":
description: Service is healthy
content:
application/json:
schema:
type: object
properties:
status:
type: string
example: ok
/api/users:
get:
summary: List users
parameters:
- name: page
in: query
schema:
type: integer
default: 1
- name: limit
in: query
schema:
type: integer
default: 20
responses:
"200":
description: List of users
content:
application/json:
schema:
type: array
items:
$ref: "#/components/schemas/User"
post:
summary: Create user
requestBody:
required: true
content:
application/json:
schema:
$ref: "#/components/schemas/CreateUser"
responses:
"201":
description: User created
content:
application/json:
schema:
$ref: "#/components/schemas/User"
"400":
description: Validation error
/api/users/{id}:
get:
summary: Get user by ID
parameters:
- name: id
in: path
required: true
schema:
type: string
responses:
"200":
description: User details
content:
application/json:
schema:
$ref: "#/components/schemas/User"
"404":
description: Not found
components:
schemas:
User:
type: object
properties:
id:
type: string
name:
type: string
email:
type: string
format: email
createdAt:
type: string
format: date-time
CreateUser:
type: object
required:
- name
- email
properties:
name:
type: string
email:
type: string
format: email
securitySchemes:
bearerAuth:
type: http
scheme: bearer
bearerFormat: JWT
EOF
```
### Validate OpenAPI spec
```bash
# Using npx (no install needed)
npx @redocly/cli lint openapi.yaml
# Quick check: is the YAML valid?
python3 -c "import yaml; yaml.safe_load(open('openapi.yaml'))" && echo "Valid YAML"
```
## Mock Server
### Quick mock with Python
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""mock_server.py - Lightweight API mock from OpenAPI-like config."""
import json, http.server, re, sys
PORT = int(sys.argv[1]) if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 8080
# Define mock routes: (method, path_pattern) -> response
ROUTES = {
("GET", "/health"): {"status": 200, "body": {"status": "ok"}},
("GET", "/api/users"): {"status": 200, "body": [
{"id": "1", "name": "Alice", "email": "alice@example.com"},
{"id": "2", "name": "Bob", "email": "bob@example.com"},
]},
("POST", "/api/users"): {"status": 201, "body": {"id": "3", "name": "Created"}},
("GET", r"/api/users/\w+"): {"status": 200, "body": {"id": "1", "name": "Alice"}},
("DELETE", r"/api/users/\w+"): {"status": 204, "body": None},
}
class MockHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def _handle(self):
for (method, pattern), response in ROUTES.items():
if self.command == method and re.fullmatch(pattern, self.path.split('?')[0]):
self.send_response(response["status"])
if response["body"] is not None:
self.send_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
self.end_headers()
self.wfile.write(json.dumps(response["body"]).encode())
else:
self.end_headers()
return
self.send_response(404)
self.send_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
self.end_headers()
self.wfile.write(json.dumps({"error": "Not found"}).encode())
do_GET = do_POST = do_PUT = do_PATCH = do_DELETE = _handle
def log_message(self, fmt, *args):
print(f"{self.command} {self.path} -> {args[1] if len(args) > 1 else '?'}")
print(f"Mock server on http://localhost:{PORT}")
http.server.HTTPServer(("", PORT), MockHandler).serve_forever()
```
Run: `python3 mock_server.py 8080`
## Node.js Express Scaffolding
### Minimal REST API
```javascript
// server.js - Minimal Express REST API
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
app.use(express.json());
// In-memory store
const items = new Map();
let nextId = 1;
// CRUD endpoints
app.get('/api/items', (req, res) => {
const { page = 1, limit = 20 } = req.query;
const all = [...items.values()];
const start = (page - 1) * limit;
res.json({ items: all.slice(start, start + +limit), total: all.length });
});
app.get('/api/items/:id', (req, res) => {
const item = items.get(req.params.id);
if (!item) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'Not found' });
res.json(item);
});
app.post('/api/items', (req, res) => {
const { name, description } = req.body;
if (!name) return res.status(400).json({ error: 'name required' });
const id = String(nextId++);
const item = { id, name, description: description || '', createdAt: new Date().toISOString() };
items.set(id, item);
res.status(201).json(item);
});
app.put('/api/items/:id', (req, res) => {
if (!items.has(req.params.id)) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'Not found' });
const item = { ...req.body, id: req.params.id, updatedAt: new Date().toISOString() };
items.set(req.params.id, item);
res.json(item);
});
app.delete('/api/items/:id', (req, res) => {
if (!items.has(req.params.id)) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'Not found' });
items.delete(req.params.id);
res.status(204).end();
});
// Error handler
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
console.error(err.stack);
res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
});
const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000;
app.listen(PORT, () => console.log(`API running on http://localhost:${PORT}`));
```
### Setup
```bash
mkdir my-api && cd my-api
npm init -y
npm install express
node server.js
```
## Debugging Patterns
### Check if port is in use
```bash
# Linux/macOS
lsof -i :3000
# or
ss -tlnp | grep 3000
# Kill process on port
kill $(lsof -t -i :3000)
```
### Test CORS
```bash
# Preflight request
curl -s -X OPTIONS https://api.example.com/users \
-H "Origin: http://localhost:3000" \
-H "Access-Control-Request-Method: POST" \
-H "Access-Control-Request-Headers: Content-Type" \
-I
```
### Watch for response time regressions
```bash
# Quick benchmark (10 requests)
for i in $(seq 1 10); do
curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{time_total}\n" http://localhost:3000/api/users
done | awk '{sum+=$1; if($1>max)max=$1} END {printf "Avg: %.3fs, Max: %.3fs\n", sum/NR, max}'
```
### Inspect JWT tokens
```bash
# Decode JWT payload (no verification)
echo "$TOKEN" | cut -d. -f2 | base64 -d 2>/dev/null | jq .
```
## Tips
- Use `jq` for JSON response processing: `curl -s url | jq '.items[] | {id, name}'`
- Set `Content-Type` header on every request with a body - missing it causes silent 400s
- Use `-w '\n'` with curl to ensure output ends with a newline
- For large response bodies, pipe to `jq -C . | less -R` for colored paging
- Test error paths: invalid JSON, missing fields, wrong types, unauthorized, not found
- For WebSocket testing: `npx wscat -c ws://localhost:3000/ws`

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{
"ownerId": "kn7f6g2r31qsb1ts8cf5x7rpk180fn9j",
"slug": "api-dev",
"version": "1.0.0",
"publishedAt": 1770151676718
}