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Co-authored-by: tt-a1i <tt-a1i@users.noreply.github.com>
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18 KiB
Angular Code Review Guide
Angular 17+ 代码审查指南,覆盖 Signals、Standalone 组件、RxJS 反模式、Zoneless 变更检测、模板最佳实践及性能优化等核心主题。
目录
- Signals 与变更检测
- Standalone 组件迁移
- RxJS 反模式
- Zoneless 变更检测
- 模板最佳实践
- 性能优化
- 测试
- 路由守卫
- 依赖注入模式
- HttpInterceptor
- Review Checklist
Signals 与变更检测
Signal + OnPush 自动触发变更检测
// ❌ 可变状态 + OnPush = 界面不更新
@Component({
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
template: `<p>{{ data.name }}</p>`,
})
export class UserProfile {
data = { name: 'Alice' };
changeName() { this.data.name = 'Bob'; } // UI 不会更新!
}
// ✅ Signal + OnPush = 自动变更检测
@Component({
changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
template: `<p>{{ name() }}</p>`,
})
export class UserProfile {
name = signal('Alice');
changeName() { this.name.set('Bob'); } // 自动触发 CD
}
@Input() 对象变异不会被 OnPush 检测
// ❌ 变异 Input 对象——引用不变,OnPush 不检测
@Input() config!: Config;
updateConfig() { this.config.theme = 'dark'; }
// ✅ 创建新引用
updateConfig() { this.config = { ...this.config, theme: 'dark' }; }
computed() 用于派生状态
// ❌ effect 用于同步状态——反模式,可能触发额外 CD 周期
export class CartComponent {
total = signal(0);
discounted = signal(0);
constructor() {
effect(() => this.discounted.set(this.total() * 0.9));
}
}
// ✅ computed 用于派生状态——惰性计算,无副作用
export class CartComponent {
total = signal(0);
discounted = computed(() => this.total() * 0.9);
}
effect() 中 Signal 读取在 await 后不会被追踪
// ❌ await 之后读取 Signal——依赖未被追踪
effect(async () => {
const data = await fetchUserData();
console.log(`Theme: ${theme()}`); // theme() 未被追踪!
});
// ✅ 在 await 之前同步读取
effect(async () => {
const currentTheme = theme(); // 同步读取,被追踪
const data = await fetchUserData();
console.log(`Theme: ${currentTheme}`);
});
effect 只在特定场景使用
// ❌ 用 effect 同步两个 Signal——永远用 computed
effect(() => { this.filtered.set(this.items().filter(i => i.active)); });
// ✅ effect 的合理场景:DOM 操作、分析日志、订阅外部源
effect(() => {
const canvas = this.canvasRef.nativeElement;
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
ctx.fillStyle = this.color();
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, this.size(), this.size());
});
// 💡 "There are no situations where effect is good,
// only situations where it is appropriate."
Standalone 组件迁移
Angular 19+ standalone 是默认值
// ❌ Legacy NgModule 组件
@Component({
selector: 'old-component',
standalone: false,
})
export class OldComponent {}
// ✅ 现代 Standalone 组件(Angular 19+ standalone 是默认值)
@Component({
selector: 'user-profile',
imports: [ProfilePhoto, RouterLink],
template: `<profile-photo /><a routerLink="/edit">Edit</a>`,
})
export class UserProfile {}
审查标记
// ⚠️ 需要迁移的信号:
// 1. standalone: false
// 2. @NgModule declarations
// 3. 组件通过 NgModule 而非直接 import
// ✅ 迁移路径:
// 1. 删除 standalone: false
// 2. 将依赖添加到组件的 imports 数组
// 3. 如果不再有 declarations,删除 NgModule
RxJS 反模式
subscribe() 必须配 takeUntilDestroyed
// ❌ 裸 subscribe——内存泄漏!组件销毁后仍继续接收数据
@Component({ /* ... */ })
export class UserProfile implements OnInit {
ngOnInit() {
this.data$.subscribe(data => this.processData(data));
}
}
// ✅ takeUntilDestroyed——自动在组件销毁时取消(需在构造函数或注入上下文中调用)
@Component({ /* ... */ })
export class UserProfile {
constructor() {
this.data$.pipe(takeUntilDestroyed()).subscribe(data => {
this.processData(data);
});
}
}
// ✅ 在构造函数外使用——传入 DestroyRef
@Component({ /* ... */ })
export class UserProfile {
private destroyRef = inject(DestroyRef);
startListening() {
this.data$.pipe(takeUntilDestroyed(this.destroyRef)).subscribe(/* ... */);
}
}
toSignal 优于 AsyncPipe
// ❌ AsyncPipe——需要导入,模板中有 | async
@Component({
imports: [AsyncPipe],
template: `{{ data$ | async }}`,
})
// ✅ toSignal——自动取消订阅,可在任何地方使用
export class UserProfile {
data = toSignal(this.data$, { initialValue: null });
// 模板直接用 data()
}
避免重复 toSignal 调用
// ❌ toSignal 每次调用都创建新订阅
getData() {
return toSignal(this.http.get('/api/data'));
}
// ✅ 存储结果
data = toSignal(this.http.get('/api/data'), { initialValue: null });
Zoneless 变更检测
普通属性变异不会被检测(Angular 21+)
// ❌ Zoneless 下普通属性赋值不触发 CD
export class UserService {
user: User | null = null;
loadUser() { this.user = fetchResult; } // 不触发!
}
// ✅ Signal 自动触发 CD
export class UserService {
private _user = signal<User | null>(null);
readonly user = this._user.asReadonly();
loadUser() { this._user.set(fetchResult); }
}
NgZone API 在 Zoneless 中失效
// ❌ NgZone.onStable 在 zoneless 中永远不会触发
ngZone.onStable.subscribe(() => { /* 永远不触发 */ });
// ✅ 使用 afterNextRender
afterNextRender({ write: () => { /* CD 之后执行 */ } });
Reactive Forms 变异需要 markForCheck
// ❌ Reactive Forms 的 setValue/patchValue 在 zoneless 中不自动调度 CD
this.form.patchValue({ name: 'Alice' }); // UI 可能不更新
// ✅ 手动标记或通过 Signal 反映
this.form.patchValue({ name: 'Alice' });
this.cdr.markForCheck();
Zoneless 下有效的 CD 触发器
| 触发器 | 说明 |
|---|---|
signal.set() / .update() |
Signal 更新自动触发 |
ChangeDetectorRef.markForCheck() |
手动标记 |
ComponentRef.setInput() |
输入绑定 |
| 模板事件监听器回调 | 用户交互 |
模板最佳实践
复杂逻辑提取为 computed Signal
// ❌ 模板中复杂表达式
template: `<div *ngIf="items.filter(i => i.active).length > 0 && user.role === 'admin'">`
// ✅ 提取为 computed
filteredItems = computed(() => this.items().filter(i => i.active));
shouldShow = computed(() => this.filteredItems().length > 0 && this.user().role === 'admin');
template: `@if (shouldShow()) { <div>...</div> }`
原生绑定优于 NgClass / NgStyle
// ❌ NgClass/NgStyle——额外指令开销
template: `<div [ngClass]="{active: isActive}" [ngStyle]="{'color': textColor}">`
// ✅ 原生 class/style 绑定——性能更好
template: `<div [class.active]="isActive" [style.color]="textColor">`
模板专用成员标记 protected
// ❂ 模板专用方法暴露为 public
export class UserProfile {
formatName(name: string) { return name.trim(); }
}
// ✅ 模板专用成员用 protected
export class UserProfile {
protected formatName(name: string) { return name.trim(); }
}
Angular 管理的属性标记 readonly
// ❌ input/output/model 可被意外覆盖
userId = input<string>();
userSaved = output<void>();
// ✅ readonly 防止意外赋值
readonly userId = input<string>();
readonly userSaved = output<void>();
readonly userName = model<string>();
命名规范:操作名而非事件名
// ❌ 以事件命名
template: `<button (click)="handleClick()">Save</button>`
// ✅ 以操作命名
template: `<button (click)="saveUserData()">Save</button>`
性能优化
effect 是最后手段——优先 computed
// ❌ effect 用于状态同步——触发额外 CD,可能无限循环
effect(() => {
this.filteredItems.set(this.items().filter(i => i.active));
});
// ✅ computed——惰性计算,无副作用,无额外 CD
filteredItems = computed(() => this.items().filter(i => i.active));
afterRenderEffect 分离读写阶段
// ❌ 无阶段指定 = mixedReadWrite = 额外 DOM 回流
afterRenderEffect(() => {
const height = el.offsetHeight; // 读
el.style.height = height + 10 + 'px'; // 写
});
// ✅ 分离阶段减少回流
afterRenderEffect({
earlyRead: () => el.offsetHeight,
write: (height) => { el.style.height = height() + 10 + 'px'; },
read: () => verifyLayout(),
});
inject() 优于构造函数注入
// ❌ 构造函数注入——多依赖时难以阅读
export class UserService {
constructor(
private http: HttpClient,
private router: Router,
private auth: AuthService,
) {}
}
// ✅ inject()——更好的类型推断和可读性
export class UserService {
private http = inject(HttpClient);
private router = inject(Router);
private auth = inject(AuthService);
}
测试
组件测试(TestBed)
// ✅ 独立组件测试
@Component({
standalone: true,
template: `<button (click)="increment()">{{ count() }}</button>`,
})
export class CounterComponent {
count = signal(0);
increment() { this.count.update(c => c + 1); }
}
describe('CounterComponent', () => {
let fixture: ComponentFixture<CounterComponent>;
beforeEach(async () => {
await TestBed.configureTestingModule({
imports: [CounterComponent],
}).compileComponents();
fixture = TestBed.createComponent(CounterComponent);
fixture.detectChanges();
});
it('should increment on click', () => {
const button = fixture.nativeElement.querySelector('button');
button.click();
fixture.detectChanges();
expect(button.textContent.trim()).toBe('1');
});
});
服务测试(依赖注入 Mock)
// ✅ 使用 TestBed.inject + provide 覆盖
@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class UserService {
private http = inject(HttpClient);
getUser(id: number) {
return this.http.get<User>(`/api/users/${id}`);
}
}
describe('UserService', () => {
let service: UserService;
let httpMock: HttpTestingController;
beforeEach(() => {
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [provideHttpClient(), provideHttpClientTesting()],
});
service = TestBed.inject(UserService);
httpMock = TestBed.inject(HttpTestingController);
});
afterEach(() => httpMock.verify());
it('should fetch user', () => {
const mockUser = { id: 1, name: 'Alice' };
service.getUser(1).subscribe(user => {
expect(user).toEqual(mockUser);
});
const req = httpMock.expectOne('/api/users/1');
expect(req.request.method).toBe('GET');
req.flush(mockUser);
});
});
集成测试策略
// ❌ 过度 Mock——测试的是 Mock 而非真实行为
provideHttpClient: () => ({
get: jasmine.createSpy().and.returnValue(of(mockData)),
}),
// ✅ 使用 HttpTestingController 验证真实 HTTP 交互
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
providers: [
provideHttpClient(),
provideHttpClientTesting(),
],
});
// ✅ 浅渲染:只测试组件本身,Mock 子组件
describe('UserProfile', () => {
it('should pass user to child', () => {
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(UserProfile);
fixture.componentRef.setInput('user', testUser);
fixture.detectChanges();
const child = fixture.debugElement.query(By.directive(UserAvatar));
expect(child.componentInstance.user()).toEqual(testUser);
});
});
路由守卫
AuthGuard / CanActivate
// ✅ 函数式路由守卫(Angular 15+ 推荐)
export const authGuard: CanActivateFn = (route, state) => {
const auth = inject(AuthService);
const router = inject(Router);
if (auth.isAuthenticated()) return true;
return router.createUrlTree(['/login'], {
queryParams: { returnUrl: state.url },
});
};
// 使用
export const routes: Routes = [
{
path: 'dashboard',
component: DashboardComponent,
canActivate: [authGuard],
},
];
延迟加载路由守卫
// ✅ 守卫在路由加载时才被解析
// auth.guard.ts
export const authGuard: CanActivateFn = () => {
const auth = inject(AuthService);
return auth.isAuthenticated();
};
// routes.ts
export const routes: Routes = [
{
path: 'admin',
loadChildren: () => import('./admin/routes').then(m => m.routes),
canActivate: [authGuard],
},
];
参数化路由守卫
// ✅ 带角色参数的守卫
export function roleGuard(allowedRoles: string[]): CanActivateFn {
return (route, state) => {
const auth = inject(AuthService);
const user = auth.currentUser();
return user ? allowedRoles.includes(user.role) : false;
};
}
// 使用
{
path: 'admin',
component: AdminComponent,
canActivate: [roleGuard(['admin', 'superadmin'])],
}
CanDeactivate 守卫
// ✅ 防止未保存修改的导航离开
export const unsavedChangesGuard: CanDeactivateFn<EditFormComponent> = (
component
) => {
if (component.hasUnsavedChanges()) {
return confirm('You have unsaved changes. Leave anyway?');
}
return true;
};
依赖注入模式
InjectionToken 使用
// ❌ 使用字符串 token——易冲突且无类型安全
providers: [{ provide: 'API_URL', useValue: 'https://api.example.com' }]
// ✅ InjectionToken 提供类型安全
export const API_URL = new InjectionToken<string>('API_URL');
providers: [{ provide: API_URL, useValue: 'https://api.example.com' }]
// 使用
private apiUrl = inject(API_URL);
多级提供者
// ✅ 不同注入层级
// 根级——全局单例
@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class GlobalService {}
// 组件级——每个组件实例独立
@Component({
providers: [LocalService],
})
export class MyComponent {
private local = inject(LocalService);
}
// 路由级——路由及其子路由共享
{
path: 'checkout',
providers: [CheckoutService],
children: [/* ... */],
}
工厂提供者
// ✅ 根据条件动态提供不同实现
export const themeProvider: FactoryProvider = {
provide: ThemeService,
useFactory: () => {
const platform = inject(PLATFORM_ID);
if (isPlatformServer(platform)) {
return new ServerThemeService();
}
return new BrowserThemeService();
},
};
// ✅ 使用环境变量配置
export const apiConfigProvider: FactoryProvider = {
provide: ApiConfig,
useFactory: () => {
const env = inject(ENVIRONMENT);
return env.production
? new ProductionApiConfig()
: new DevelopmentApiConfig();
},
};
HttpInterceptor
认证 Token 拦截器
// ✅ 函数式拦截器——自动附加 Auth Token
export function authInterceptor(
req: HttpRequest<unknown>,
next: HttpHandlerFn
): Observable<HttpEvent<unknown>> {
const token = inject(AuthService).token();
if (!token) return next(req);
return next(req.clone({
setHeaders: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
}));
}
// 注册
provideHttpClient(withInterceptors([authInterceptor]))
错误处理拦截器
// ✅ 函数式拦截器——统一错误处理
export function errorInterceptor(
req: HttpRequest<unknown>,
next: HttpHandlerFn
): Observable<HttpEvent<unknown>> {
const router = inject(Router);
return next(req).pipe(
catchError((error: HttpErrorResponse) => {
if (error.status === 401) {
router.navigate(['/login']);
}
if (error.status === 500) {
console.error('Server error:', error);
}
return throwError(() => error);
})
);
}
请求/响应转换
// ✅ 函数式拦截器——自动 camelCase ↔ snake_case
export function transformInterceptor(
req: HttpRequest<unknown>,
next: HttpHandlerFn
): Observable<HttpEvent<unknown>> {
const transformedBody = req.body ? toSnakeCase(req.body) : null;
const transformedReq = req.clone({ body: transformedBody });
return next(transformedReq).pipe(
map(event => {
if (event instanceof HttpResponse) {
return event.clone({ body: toCamelCase(event.body) });
}
return event;
})
);
}
拦截器顺序
// ✅ 拦截器按注册顺序执行
// 请求:A → B → C → 后端
// 响应:后端 → C → B → A
provideHttpClient(
withInterceptors([
authInterceptor,
loggingInterceptor,
errorInterceptor,
])
)
Review Checklist
Signals 与变更检测
- Signal + OnPush 用于模板状态(非可变对象)
@Input()对象通过新引用更新(非变异)- 派生状态用
computed(),不用effect() effect()中 Signal 读取在await之前effect()只用于 DOM 操作、日志、外部源订阅
Standalone 组件
- 无
standalone: false(Angular 19+) - 组件通过
imports数组导入依赖 - 无不必要的
@NgModule
RxJS
.subscribe()配takeUntilDestroyed或asyncpipe- 优先
toSignal而非AsyncPipe - 无重复
toSignal调用
Zoneless
- 模板状态通过 Signal 管理(非普通属性)
- 无
NgZone.onStable/NgZone.onMicrotaskEmpty - Reactive Forms 变异后有
markForCheck()
模板
- 复杂逻辑提取为
computedSignal - 使用原生
[class]/[style]而非NgClass/NgStyle - 模板专用成员标记
protected input/output/model属性标记readonly- 事件处理器以操作命名(
saveData而非handleClick)
性能
effect()不用于状态同步afterRenderEffect分离读写阶段inject()用于依赖注入